Yacht device. yacht classes. Sailing and motor yachts. See what "Yacht" is in other dictionaries What is a yacht

A yacht is a vessel with slanting sails. Ships of this type range from mastless at 40 knots to a gigantic cruise ship several stories high and costing hundreds of millions of dollars to a humble single-masted vessel. So what is a yacht? According to modern ideas, a yacht is a vessel on which you can play sports or use it for tourism and recreation purposes.

Such ships are divided into many varieties based on their size, mode of movement or the material from which the ship is made. Modern yachts are no longer made the old fashioned way - from wood. For their production, the latest materials are now used: in particular, heavy-duty plastics. Yachts are vessels equipped with everything necessary for autonomous navigation: water desalinators, satellite navigators, radio stations and safety equipment.

According to the method of movement, sailing, motor and sail-motor ships of this type are distinguished.

Sailing yachts

They consist of a hull and sail equipment. All they need to navigate the waters is a fair wind and a competent helmsman. It is clear that a sailing yacht will not be able to compete in speed with a motor yacht, and the wind direction is not always favorable. However, this is historically the first type of yacht, these yachts are still popular. They are cheaper than motor and sail-motor counterparts. However, they do not have any restrictions on fuel reserves, so the whole world is open to them.

Sailing ships, in turn, are divided into cruising and racing. The basis for this division is the purpose of the vessel, the design of its hull and sailing equipment.

Racing yachts of this type are intended for sailing regattas in limited sea or river areas. They are light enough, do not have a solid margin of safety and special amenities. Cruising yachts are vessels with a solid construction, a wide range of amenities, because they are designed for long autonomous cruising away from the bases.

Sailing and motor yachts

Combination power plant and sails is a conscious choice of many people who are in love with sea travel. It is clear that the engine plays a secondary role in this layout, and in the presence of wind, of course, sails will be used first. However, it will undoubtedly come in handy when sailing in difficult weather conditions or for maneuvers in absolute calm.

From a logistical point of view, this type of vessel will already need some fuel reserves, but compared to the requirements for motor yachts, these reserves may be negligible. Still, the sail will come first.

Motor yachts

With one or two internal combustion engines, motorized ships develop unattainable for sailing ships speed. Moreover, the engine on board is also increased comfort. And thanks to the presence of a motor on the ship, it is possible to place many life support systems. These yachts can be of various sizes, reaching several tens of meters in length. They may have air-conditioned cabins and saloons on board. They are mobile, able to swim in shallow water and completely independent of weather conditions. The cost of such vessels is much higher and can reach astronomical sums. It is also worth forgetting about the price of fuel and its high costs.

The sizes of such ships

There is a clear division of yachts according to the size of the hull. Vessels up to 10 meters long are mainly used for small trips over short distances. They have modest cabins and a limited list of amenities on board.
Vessels from 10 to 18 meters are the most in demand all over the world. These yachts allow you to move over considerable distances, to make exits to the open sea. As a rule, they have an appropriate level of comfort.
Ships up to 24 meters have an increased level of comfort. On board, it is possible to place many additional systems and devices. However, it is impossible to cope with their management on their own. A small and experienced team is required.

Vessels over 24 meters are considered extra-class yachts. Swimming on them in terms of convenience is comparable to staying in hotels of the highest category. For the comfort of their owners, such ships are equipped with swimming pools, mini-golf courses, saunas and hot tubs, and helicopter platforms. And the number of team members and attendants they can reach two dozen people.

These yachts are also classified according to the hull design. The main options are: traditional monohull, catamaran, trimaran. As can be seen from the names, the number of hulls for such vessels can reach three (for a trimaran).
The advantages of a hull consisting of several parts: higher stability of the vessel, a large usable area and, accordingly, more opportunities for accommodation of amenities.

The disadvantage is the deterioration of controllability in difficult weather conditions.

A yacht is a vessel with slanting sails. Ships of this type range from mastless at 40 knots to a gigantic cruise ship several stories high and costing hundreds of millions of dollars to a humble single-masted vessel. So what is a yacht? According to modern ideas, a yacht is a vessel on which you can play sports or use it for tourism and recreation purposes.

Yacht classification

Such ships are divided into many varieties based on their size, mode of movement or the material from which the ship is made. Modern yachts are no longer made the old fashioned way - from wood. For their production, the latest materials are now used: in particular, heavy-duty plastics. Yachts are vessels equipped with everything necessary for autonomous navigation: water desalinators, satellite navigators, radio stations and safety equipment.

According to the method of movement, sailing, motor and sail-motor ships of this type are distinguished.

Sailing yachts

They consist of a hull and sail equipment. All they need to navigate the waters is a fair wind and a competent helmsman. It is clear that a sailing yacht will not be able to compete in speed with a motor yacht, and the wind direction is not always favorable. However, this is historically the first type of yacht, these yachts are still popular. They are cheaper than motor and sail-motor counterparts. However, they do not have any restrictions on fuel reserves, so the whole world is open to them. By the way, the sale of yachts is on the link.

Sailing ships, in turn, are divided into cruising and racing. The basis for this division is the purpose of the vessel, the design of its hull and sailing armament.

Racing yachts of this type are intended for sailing regattas in limited sea or river areas. They are light enough, do not have a solid margin of safety and special amenities. Cruising yachts are vessels with a solid construction, a wide range of amenities, because they are designed for long autonomous cruising away from the bases.

Sailing and motor yachts

The combination of propulsion and sails is a conscious choice of many people who are in love with sea travel. It is clear that the engine plays a secondary role in this layout, and in the presence of wind, of course, sails will be used first. However, it will undoubtedly come in handy when sailing in difficult weather conditions or for maneuvers in absolute calm.

From a logistical point of view, this type of vessel will already need some fuel reserves, but compared to the requirements for motor yachts, these reserves may be negligible. Still, the sail will come first.

Motor yachts

Having one or two internal combustion engines, motor ships develop speeds unattainable for sailing ships. Moreover, the engine on board is also increased comfort. And thanks to the presence of a motor on the ship, it is possible to place many life support systems. These yachts can be of various sizes, reaching several tens of meters in length. They may have air-conditioned cabins and saloons on board. They are mobile, able to swim in shallow water and completely independent of weather conditions. The cost of such vessels is much higher and can reach astronomical sums. It is also worth forgetting about the price of fuel and its high costs.

The sizes of such ships

There is a clear division of yachts according to the size of the hull. Vessels up to 10 meters long are mainly used for small trips over short distances. They have modest cabins and a limited list of amenities on board.
Vessels from 10 to 18 meters are the most in demand all over the world. These yachts allow you to move over considerable distances, to make exits to the open sea. As a rule, they have an appropriate level of comfort.
Ships up to 24 meters have an increased level of comfort. On board, it is possible to place many additional systems and devices. However, it is impossible to cope with their management on their own. A small and experienced team is required.

Vessels over 24 meters are considered extra-class yachts. Swimming on them in terms of convenience is comparable to staying in hotels of the highest category. For the comfort of their owners, such ships are equipped with swimming pools, mini-golf courses, saunas and hot tubs, and helicopter platforms. And the number of team members and attendants they can reach two dozen people.

These yachts are also classified according to the hull design. The main options are: traditional monohull, catamaran, trimaran. As can be seen from the names, the number of hulls for such vessels can reach three (for a trimaran).
The advantages of a hull consisting of several parts: higher stability of the vessel, a large usable area and, accordingly, more opportunities for accommodation of amenities.

The disadvantage is the deterioration of controllability in difficult weather conditions.

(cruising)

The first mention of sports sailing yachts dates back to the 17th century. Almost all modern sailing yachts, designed for tourism, have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or moving at low speed in the absence of wind. Sailing yachts that do not have a motor are most often designed for sports.

Sailing yachts

Greeks, Egyptians and Phoenicians fight for superiority in creation of sailing yachts. Historians claim the appearance of the first sailing ships more than 10 thousand years ago in the waters of the Aegean Sea. Sailing yachts are vessels that use aero and hydrodynamics and are driven by the force of the wind blowing into the sails. Modern sailing yachts are often equipped with a motor.

The hulls of the first sailing yachts were made of wood. The modern list of materials is very large. The hulls of sailing yachts are made of steel, aluminum, reinforced cement and fiberglass and other materials.

The number of sails on sailing yachts can be different and depends on the purpose of the yacht used. Racing yachts are usually equipped with a large number of sails, on cruising yachts, the number of sails is minimal for ease of management. The largest sailing ships in the world - Kruzenshtern and Sedov - have 34 sails each. Conventionally, sails can be divided into four types: main, front, additional and storm.

According to their purpose, sailing yachts are divided into cruising, having comfortable cabins and designed for long-distance hiking trips; racing, having only a cockpit for the crew and not having cabins, intended for short races; as well as racing cruising, with uncomfortable cabins designed for multi-day races. According to the principle of ensuring stability, yachts are divided into keel yachts, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which shifts the center of gravity down and prevents the yacht from drifting (drifting) when sailing; dinghies, having a centerboard (retractable keel), which only prevents demolition, and the center of gravity is changed by placing the crew on the sides of the yacht; and compromises having a ballast false keel and a retractable centerboard. There are also designs with two keels, which allow you to keep the yacht upright at low tide in shallow water. Another principle of stability is used on catamarans and trimarans. On catamarans, stability is provided by two widely spaced hulls, on trimarans - by two floats spaced on both sides of the vessel. There are yachts with more than three hulls.

The main parts of the yacht are considered to be the hull and sailing equipment. Sailing rigging can be single-masted (sloop) and multi-masted (such as schooner, yol and ketch). Sailing weapons are divided into spars, standing and running rigging.

A popular type of recreation on sailing yachts are regattas.

Leading producing countries

Motor yachts

Famous yachts

see also

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Notes

Literature

• Lovyagin R. M.,.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Der Brockhaus in 3 Banden. - Prockhaus Enzyklopädie, Bd. 2., 2004, S.259.

An excerpt characterizing the Yacht

A yacht is a vessel designed for sports or tourism. There are many types of yachts. In the world of yachts, there are as many types and sizes as there are tastes and affections of people. After all, a yacht, being an object of entertainment, is often a symbol of a dream come true. And people very often dream and realize dreams in different ways.

Classifying yachts, first of all, they should be divided into motor and sailing yachts. These are yachts from different ideological camps, from different ideas about the dream. And although both are ultimately united by one element, the sea, each of them should be discussed separately. In this article we will pay attention to the classification of sailing yachts.

1. Purpose.

First of all, it is worth dividing sailing yachts according to their main feature, for which they are actually built. By appointment. Since yachts are intended for two main types of entertainment: travel and racing, yachts, as a first approximation, should be divided in this way. Yachts for travel and yachts for racing. Of course, you can travel and race on both of them, but we are talking about the destination laid down by the designer. So, first of all, we divide the yachts into:

• Yachts for travel

Travel yachts have a strong, sometimes weighted construction. The task of the designer in this case is to provide comfort and reliability.

Racing yachts are designed to win races. Therefore, less attention is paid to the convenience of crew accommodation and strength reserve. The designers, counting on a higher qualification of the crews, reduce the weight of the yacht, increase the voltage in its nodes in order to achieve the maximum power available. On the other hand, racing yachts are equipped with elements that expand the range of adjustments, settings, sails so that the yacht goes fast in the entire range of winds.

2. Distance from the shore

According to the ability of yachts to move away from the coast, yachts can be divided into those that are designed to sail near the coast, in the bay, and those that can make long autonomous voyages with a significant distance from ports of refuge. That is, yachts can be divided into:

• Pleasure
• coastal yachts
• and seaworthy, that is, cruising yachts.

• Pleasure yachts have a light construction, they do not have significant supplies of water and food for the crew, navigation equipment is designed for the crew to see and know the water area for walking.
• cruising yachts have a solid construction capable of carrying a supply of supplies (water, fuel, food, etc.). Windy rooms provide an opportunity to fully relax the team. Such yachts do not have restrictions on distance from the coast.
• Coastal yachts(day cruiser) has limited amenities and a small supply of supplies, allowing you to spend the day on a walk near the bay.

3. Number of buildings.

If the width of the hull creates stability, then why not widen it as much as possible? At one time, the designers thought about this and began to design wide cases. Such housings have a high initial straightening moment. However, they have a major drawback. Such a hull has a high frictional resistance against water and poor seaworthiness. To resolve this conflict, multihull yachts were created: catamarans (two hulls) trimarans (three hulls). Despite the fact that the overturn of a multihull, unlike the overturn of a keel yacht, is a fatal event, it is impossible to put it back on an “even keel” without outside help, they are very popular. The fact is that a number of constructive measures have reduced the risk of capsizing of some multihull yachts, such as cruising yachts, to almost zero.

Catamarans have two identical narrow long hulls, separated by such a distance as to provide greater stability. The resistance of such hulls is much less than the hulls of a conventional yacht, so a catamaran, as a rule, develops higher speeds in tailwinds than keel yachts. Cruising catamarans, on which they successfully make ocean voyages, can have a very high speed and stability.

Trimarans have three hulls: a middle hull (wider than that of catamarans, but much narrower than that of yachts) and two spaced and slightly raised side hulls, very narrow. The side hulls are essentially floats that provide stability. When heeling, the trimaran goes on the middle hull and one of the side hulls. Trimarans were once very popular as cruising yachts. However, currently the most widely used trimarans are trailer trimarans, that is, trimarans that can be transported on a trailer behind a passenger car. Thus, according to the number of hulls, sailing yachts are divided into:

• Single-hull
• Multihulls (catamarans and trimarans)

4. Method for creating stability for monohull yachts

Sailing yachts use wind energy for propulsion. The wind transfers its energy to the yacht through the sails. Sails and sailing rigging in general are installed on the yacht, and under the influence of the wind (especially when it is directed to the side) tends to capsize the entire yacht. To create stability, that is, the ability of a yacht to resist capsizing, there are two main ways. Firstly, with ballast, located as low as possible in the body or in a special fin (false keel). Secondly, with the help hull stability when the body itself, due to its characteristics, primarily width, creates a straightening, that is, a restoring moment.

The first way to create stability, that is, using ballast, is used by keel yachts. Thanks to the ballast, the design of the keel yacht has a very stable stability. These yachts are very reliable, because, for example, they "forgive" many mistakes of the crew and can adapt to various wind and wave conditions. This is a real "hit" in the world of sailing yachts. The double purpose of the false keel - the placement of ballast and the creation of a hydrodynamic force that prevents drift, make these yachts, nothing less than, unique inventions of mankind.

The second way to create stability, with the help of form stability, is used by yachts in which the hydrofoil is light, without ballast. Such a wing is called a daggerboard, and a yacht with such a wing is called a dinghy. Dingling dinghies have no ballast and can easily raise the daggerboard when approaching shallow water. They also actively use the weight of the crew itself. It is moved, depending on the wind conditions, to one place or another on a particular side of the yacht, or even taken overboard on special suspensions - trapezoids.

There is also an intermediate option. These are the so-called yachts - "compromises". These yachts have a so-called "heavy" centerboard. That is, the ballast in such a centerboard is involved in creating stability. Its weight, however, is not enough, since the weight of the centerboard must be such that the crew can lift it quickly enough, for example, when approaching the pier. To create the necessary stability, "compromises" can also use the weight of the crew or ballast installed in the fixed, lower parts of the hull. Thus, according to the method of creating stability, monohull yachts can be divided into:

• Keel
• Dinghy boats
• Compromises

5. Body material.

Yachts can be made from a variety of materials. The most common materials: plastic, metal, wood. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages. Wood is beautiful, wooden yachts are a real spiritual story of the owner and his crew. Metal yachts are considered one of the most durable. They are popular where conditions are most difficult, for example, where it is not uncommon to encounter ice on a walk. Plastic yachts are the most massive. Mainly due to low maintenance costs for their hulls. Also, plastic yachts can be recognized as the lightest in the case of industrial technologies.

6. Status.

By their purpose, or rather by their relationship between the yacht and the owner, sailing yachts are divided into charter yachts, that is, yachts intended for profit by the owner and private yachts, when the owner builds or acquires a yacht for his own use. Charter yachts usually have the maximum number of cabins that can be accommodated in a hull. Then the tenant will be able to invite more guests and reduce their yachting costs. Private yacht, as a rule, regardless of size, has no more than three cabins. One for the owner and a maximum of two for guests. The number of cabins for the crew, if the owner of the yacht intends to use one, is not limited.

7. Sailing equipment

Sailing weapons are very diverse. Designers are constantly improving it, using more and more new materials and technologies. Let's look at them very briefly.

Single mast yachts:

There are a huge number of types of sailing weapons using one mast, but only one of them, namely the Bermuda Sloop, absolutely dominates the world of single-mast yachts, moreover, perhaps even the whole world of yachts.

Bermuda sloop. This is a type of sailing rig when, with the help of an installed mast and standing rigging, two main sails can be set. The sail in front of the mast is called the staysail. There is a huge variety of staysails. They can have different shapes and sizes. The need to have a large number of staysails is due to the fact that they are poorly regulated, adjusted for use in various wind conditions.

In staysails, they are distinguished by the density of the material (the denser the material, the more severe conditions it is designed for) and by the size of the luff (edge) of the sail. There are staysails with a short luff that does not go beyond the mast and "Genoese" staysails, these are staysels that "go behind the mast. A second sail is attached to the mast with the luff. It is called the "mainsail". does not require a change when the wind parameters or the yacht's course change.

There is a Bermuda sloop with "top" and "fractional" weapons. Fractional armament is called such armament of a Bermuda sloop, when the front cable that unfastens the mast (“forestay” or simply “stay”) is attached to the very top (top) of the mast

Two-masted yachts:

Two-masted yachts are distinguished by a huge variety of sailing equipment. We present only a few of them.

- has a main forward mast ("Mastmast") and a much smaller aft mast ("Mizzen Mast"). Mizzen mast Yola does not create a pulling force, but only balances the yacht. This quality of the yol is in great demand in fresh weather, when the main sails are greatly reduced (“reefed”) or at anchorage, when the work of the sail standing on the mizzen-mast significantly reduces the load on the anchor.

- in comparison with the yol, it has a mizzen mast, commensurate with the mainsail in size. Thus, mizzen ketch is involved in creating traction. This type of rig is also very practical in clear weather. It is especially loved by yacht owners who are at an advanced age, when it is no longer enough to work with one huge mast and large sails. It is already easier for them to divide the total sail area of ​​the yacht into two similar masts. In addition, this option significantly increases the overall reliability of the yacht.

- this type of armament can be considered obsolete, since its mass use was once based on technologies that made it possible to unfasten the largest mast - the "mainsail", only in the widest part of the hull. In terms of aerodynamic efficiency, this is an illogical, one might even say wrong decision, since most of the sails on the largest mast, the main mast, start working in the wind shadow of the forward mast. The forward mast in this case is called the "fore mast". More or less armament of the "schooner" type is justified only in fair winds.

However, if you need to style the yacht antique, which is often quite justified, or equip it in some special way, then why not! Your romantic dreams - what is not a reason for embodiment in a sailing rig!

conclusions

So, we can classify sailing yachts according to a number of parameters:

1. Destination (racing, travel yachts)
2. Ability to move away from the coast (walking, cruising)
3. Number of buildings (single-hull, multi-hull)
4. Status (charter - private)
5. Housing material (plastic, wood, metal, reinforced cement)
6. Sailing rig (Bermuda sloop, yol, ketch, schooner, etc.)
7. And monohull yachts can be divided according to the method of creating a leveling moment (keel, dinghies, compromises). Considering that this is not a complete list, therefore, from the whole variety of yachts, you can always choose or design a yacht that most closely matches your request.

Yacht- any sailing, motor or motor-sail vessel intended for sports or tourist purposes. The most common are sailing yachts. A sailing yacht has two main parts: the hull and the rig. The hull accommodates the crew and supplies of the yacht. Armament is understood as sails and all devices for setting sails and controlling them.

Types of sailing yachts

In sailing, yachts of various types and sizes are used. Depending on the navigation conditions in a particular area, large or small yachts of one design or another are used.

There are two main criteria by which you can determine the type of yacht: destination and area of ​​navigation; hull design and armament.

According to the first feature, cruising and racing yachts are distinguished.

Main purpose racing yachts- sailing races over limited distances, so racing yachts are built as light as possible. For long-distance voyages, they are not strong enough and do not have amenities.

cruising yachts have a very solid construction and a maximum of household amenities. The main purpose is cruising and racing on the high seas with a large distance from the base.

Cruiser-racing yachts- the most common type of yachts, combines the properties of the above yachts.

By hull design.

Dinghy- This is one of the types of yachts. The dinghy has a shallow and relatively wide body. A slot is made in the middle of the hull, in which a flat (metal or wooden) retractable keel - centerboard is placed. When there is no need for additional lateral resistance (for example, with tailwinds) or when a shallow place is passed, the daggerboard can be raised and even completely removed into the daggerboard well. The stability of the dinghy (the ability of the ship to return to its original position on the water with the masts straight up, after reducing the impact of any force that caused the deviation) is much less than that of a keel yacht. Basically, the stability of the dinghy is ensured by the appropriate shape of the hull - flat and wide. A dinghy cannot capsize if not managed properly, so it is less safe when sailing in the sea and open water than a keelboat.

Case bottom keel yacht turns into a deep fin, which creates significant lateral resistance. To give greater stability, a cast-iron or lead weight, called a ballast keel or false keel, is attached to the bottom of this fin. Yachts of this type are designed for sailing on the seas and lakes with deep water and strong winds and waves. A keelboat is very stable and cannot capsize under normal conditions. It is difficult to sail on keel yachts along rivers and shallow lakes due to the large draft.

The intermediate type of yachts will combine the characteristics of the described vessels. So, to obtain increased stability with a small draft, ships are built with a centerboard passing inside the ballast keel. These vessels have less draft without a centerboard than keel yachts, but more than dinghies. These yachts are called compromises.

Sailing yachts can have not one, but two or even three hulls. Then they are called catamarans and trimarans.

Yachts also differ in size and class.

• Yachts up to 30 feet (10 m) are designed for day trips over short distances.

• Yachts from 30 to 56 feet (10-18 m) are the most popular and democratic class of yachts. Such yachts allow you to travel long distances and go out into the open sea without creating extreme situations.

• Yachts from 56 to 70 feet (18-24 meters) usually need a crew to maintain them.

• Yachts over 70 feet (24 meters) are called V.I.P. megayachts. They are usually built on an individual project or are representatives of a limited series.

In addition to such a general classification, there is also a sports classification of yachts, which determines their division into classes. The sports classification of yachts is necessary to create equal conditions for sports competition in racing. Within each class, as far as possible, equal chances of winning the competition (to the extent that these chances are determined by the boat itself) are ensured.

Frame

Keel yacht and its parts:

1 - nasal overhang; 2 - fin and false keel; 3 - hold; 4 - rudder feather; 5 - aft overhang; 6 - valance; 7 - transom; 8 - yut; 9 - cockpit; 10 - felling; 11 - entrance hatch; 12 - cabin; 13 - deck; 14 - light (skylight) hatch; 15 - railing; 16 - bow and stern railings; 17 - anchor device (anchor, chain, biteng, deck closure); 18 - tank; 19 - cockpit; 20 - forepeak; 21 - compass.

Armament

The main parts of the yacht's armament are sails, spars and rigging.

Sail- the main propulsion of the yacht.

They are divided into three sets: main (or tacking), additional and storm sails. The yacht carries the main sails in normal voyages. The same sails determine the measured sail area of ​​the yacht. Racing requires special sails that increase the sail area in some situations that occur on the course (for example, with fair winds). Such sails are called additional. When sailing in stormy weather, tacking sails are replaced by smaller and more durable storm sails.

The totality of all wooden or metal parts of weapons that serve to fasten and carry sails is called spars.

Rigging- gear made of vegetable or steel cable - is divided into standing and running. Standing rigging is used to brace and maintain the spars in the working position, and running rigging is used for setting and cleaning sails and spars, controlling sails, and for raising and lowering signals.

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