The indigenous population of Madagascar called the souls of the dead lemurs. Population of Madagascar. Phone codes of cities

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Part 2

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Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting).

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Find material for any lesson,

It seems to me that before the cartoon "" was released on wide screens, no one had heard of this piece of paradise, under the same name. It was after the show of this cartoon that crowds of tourists rushed to this island, which raised the country's economy.

For us, as for Europeans, everything here is very cheap: the standard of living is low, there are many beggars and poor people. The resort areas of the island are more developed and, one might say, richer.

Even in the capital of this state Antananarivo there is absolutely nothing to see: no sights, no museums, no parks. Ugly and gloomy city, although very noisy. What can not be said about the color that he received thanks to the local population. You can imagine the standard of living of people if they can't even afford street newspapers that cost only $0.10. So people crowd around the kiosks, reading the headlines of the press in order to keep abreast of world events.

But, such a beautiful island, where there are wild reserves, waterfalls of extraordinary beauty, exotic flora and fauna, attracts tourists from all over the world in search of adventure, like the heroes of the aforementioned cartoon. Island almost the same size as Ukraine, washed on all sides by the waters of the Indian Ocean.

He is very unique. Only on this island you can easily meet funny striped lemurs, tame chameleons, marvel at giant baobabs, see strange people who observe some unusual prohibitions and worship the spirits of the dead. Pack your bags and go!

TRANSPORT IN MADAGASCAR

Our first acquaintance with the island begins with the airport, although all the most interesting is far beyond its borders. On the coast can be reached by a tourist bus, with a ticket price of $ 4, and you can also get there by minibus for $0.18. There are no transport stops in the city itself, so any minibus will stop where you specify. Together with the driver of the minibus, a person works who at each stop notifies travelers about the route and the availability of seats.

ACCOMMODATION ON THE ISLAND

With housing, especially with its cost, there will be no problems at all, because. it's very cheap here. So, for example, get ready to lay out everything $10-12 for a two- or three-star hotel. A bungalow costs $5 per day.. The price, as you can see, is acceptable, and the services in the room are also not bad: a room with a fan and with all amenities. Some hotels have WI-FI.

WHAT TO EAT IN MADAGASCAR

Previously, the French lived on the territory of this island, therefore, much of the food is prepared in the French style. Baking is popular baguette. It, as in Europe, is used in different forms: as pastries, as fried croutons or as crackers.

Well, in exotic Madagascar has no equal. After all, Madagascarians consume in the stomach everything that moves;) And most importantly, they eat everything raw. What cannot be eaten alive, they salt and fry. In the street catering menu, you can see exotic seafood, various fried beetles, plant leaves, such as aloe.

Of course, for us Europeans, such food is not at all desirable and even dangerous. Especially if you eat it daily. Therefore, it is better not to risk it and enjoy the classic food on the island. It's not expensive at all. A serving of rice will set you back $2, a plate of seafood $10 and cheap fruit.. While on the island, remember this rule: long queues at catering establishments - delicious food!

WHAT TO SEE ON THE ISLAND

As we already mentioned, there are no attractions on the island. Here alone the main attraction is nature and its inhabitants. We advise you to visit Andringitra. This is a magnificent park of lemurs, the territory of which is more than 30 thousand hectares. It is when traveling through this park that you can feel like one of the heroes of the famous cartoon.

You will forever remember the beauty of this National Park with its exotic vegetation, colorful huge flowering shrubs, and simply bright flowers, and you can also hear unrealistic mystical stories from the local population. The entrance fee to the park is $12. The only thing that can be advised is not to save on the guide ($10). Otherwise, you will have to spend the night in the company of bizarre lemurs, getting lost in the park.

SOMETHING ABOUT LEMURES

As you know, lemurs are symbol of Madagascar. Among the most unique are indri lemurs, singing lemurs (although it is very difficult to call them singing, because they scream loudly). In addition, they are also considered sacred animals here. The locals say that the spirit of their ancestors lives in them. These lemurs are very large, about 6 kg in weight. And you can meet them in eastern Madagascar, in mountain forests. They are vegetarians. They prefer leaves, flowers and fruits.

HOW TO KNOW THE COUNTRY BEST

Do you know what is the best way to get to know the country? These are walks. It does not matter: on foot, on a moped or bicycle, or in a rented car. You need to walk a lot! Here in Madagascar, the best way to travel is hitch-hiking. Of course, this is not the most popular way here. But, we, "white-skinned people" are always welcome here, because. locals know that if a European comes, he always has money.

INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF MADAGASCAR

The people themselves are very kind and welcoming. After all, the population is very poor and has not yet been spoiled by money. People worship the spirits of their ancestors, believe in them, perform various rituals, especially those related to sacrifices, honor their traditions. There are settlements on the island, according to the laws of which there are many taboos: a ban on strangers in the house, entry into the room where the sister lives is also prohibited, and most importantly, it is forbidden to kill lemurs on the island.

This is an island where there are two worlds - rich and poor. For us, tourists, this is first of all a unique paradise, with amazing bungalows, impenetrable jungle, with a crystal blue shore indian ocean and such exotic cuisine. Yes, the climate here is such that you will get tired of stuffiness and heat. But the color of the country, its population and lemurs will be remembered by you for the rest of your life.

WISH YOU A PLEASANT REST AND UNFORGETTABLE TRAVELING EXPERIENCES!

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Madagascar is an independent state located on the island of the same name in the Indian Ocean. Its area is 578 thousand km 2. In the ranking of the largest islands in the world, it occupies the fourth position. The population of Madagascar is about 24.2 million people. The capital of the state is the city of Antananarivo.

Historical information

Madagascar is one of the largest states located on the territory of one island. According to scientists, the settlement of these lands occurred at a time when the period of the early Middle Ages operated on the territory of Europe. Malagasy (as the indigenous people of Madagascar are called) had close cooperation with the Arab peoples and borrowed the Surabe alphabet from them. In 1500, Europeans learned about the island after Portuguese ships moored to its shores.

In the 18-19 centuries, a kingdom called Imerina was created on the territory of the present state. But in 1897 these lands were colonized by the French Empire. In the period from 1940 to 1943, the island fell under the occupation of Great Britain and only in 1960 did it gain independence. Despite the liberation from the colonists, the population of Madagascar remained below the poverty line. All this was due to the instability of the economic and political component of the country. Various military groups came to power and tried to maneuver between the European states and the countries of the socialist camp during the Cold War. At the end of this confrontation, the process of democratization started on the island of Madagascar.

Population

Today, more than 24 million people live in Madagascar, and according to some sources, this figure has already exceeded 25 million. Over the past century, population growth has increased 10 times. The main percentage of citizens are children and the younger generation of Malagasy, whose age does not exceed 20 years. There are 60% of them.

According to demographers, the number of females and males is almost the same, the difference in numbers is less than 100 thousand people.

Interesting fact! Since the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, when the population of Madagascar was 600 thousand people, by 1900 it reached 2.5 million.

According to preliminary estimates, if the birth rate in the country continues to increase at the same rapid rate as it is now, by 2100 the number of citizens of the island will increase to 70 million.

The population density of Madagascar (according to 2015 data) is 41.3 people. per km 2.

official languages

Madagascar has two official languages: French and Malagasy. The first of them is a legacy of colonialism, but the second is considered to be indigenous. The Malagasy language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian group. During its existence, it combined dialects from Malay and Polynesian. It contains Arabic, Amharic and Creole words, as well as many borrowings from the Swahili and Bantu languages.

Linguists studying the Malagasy language found in it echoes of Sanskrit (the ancient language of the Hindus), which indicates that immigrants from Malaysia and India arrived on the island more than 2000 years ago.

The dialect of indigenous peoples is poorly understood. But since it has much in common with other languages ​​​​of the Malayo-Polynesian group, Malagasy can be understood by the inhabitants of Java and Sumatra, the Visayas and Tagals living in the Philippines.

Age indicator

The age composition of the population of Madagascar, according to 2015, looks something like this:

• children from 0 to 14 years old - more than 40%;
• young people from 15 to 24 years old - 20.53%;
• persons aged 25-54 - 31.56%;
• elderly people (55-64 years old) - just over 4%;
• old people from 65 and above - 3.22%.

Surprisingly, the birth rate is much higher than the death rate. According to 2015 statistics, there were 6.81 deaths and 32.61 births per 1,000 people.

The island of Madagascar has a very high infant mortality rate, but this does not affect the decline in the number of citizens of the country. The thing is that the state has a very high birth rate. Fertility is 5.1 children per woman. As a rule, 2-3 children are brought up in urban families, but in rural areas, the number of children can reach 5 or more.

Religious preferences

The religious composition of the population of Madagascar is very diverse. Most of the country's citizens profess the traditional religion of the indigenous people. The main doctrine of the ancestor cult is the connection between the realm of the dead and the living people. Most adherents of this religious movement are found among the Imerin people.

In total, about 52% of the total population of Madagascar believe in the cult of ancestors. They believe that all the souls of dead people join the forefathers and form a kind of "divine" hierarchy. In this religion there is a very strange rite, which for Europeans will seem savagery. The ritual ceremony (fimadihana) means "turning the dead". During the traditional ceremony, believers pull out the bodies of the dead and wrap them in a new silk sheet (shroud). During the festival, people have fun and dance. They may carry the dead in their arms during the ceremony and then place them back in the crypt.

The Christian population of Madagascar is approximately 41%. Most belong to the Roman Catholic Church. There are slightly fewer Protestant denominations on the island, including Lutherans, Adventists, Anglicans and others.

The rest of the country's citizens, which is 7%, are adherents of Islam. Most of all, the teachings of the Koran are widespread on the western coast of the island.

The racial composition of the population of Madagascar

The bulk of the inhabitants of the island are Malagasy. They make up 98% of the total population. Interestingly, Malagasy is not a separate nation, but a collection of 20 ethnic groups. They all come down to the Malayo-Indonesian peoples. The indigenous population is divided into two subgroups:

• Mountain tribes. These include betsileu, gelding, shihanaka, mikea and others.
• Coast peoples. This group includes Antanusi, Sakalava, Antakarana, Betsemisaraka, Tsimiheti, Mahafali and others.

This division is due to the historical migration of people who arrived on the island. The settlement of Madagascar by the Austronesians took place between the 2nd and 5th centuries. They settled in the central highlands. Years later, a second migration wave came, when residents of the eastern part of Africa began to come to the island, mainly belonging to the Bantu people. These settlers settled on practically free lands of the coastal zone. According to some reports, the Bantu came to the island as a result of human trafficking.

But there are other equally interesting versions about the settlement of the island. Some scholars argue that the first in Madagascar was the Negroid race, and the resettlement of the Austronesians occurred much later.

Differences between indigenous ethnic groups

People who have lived in this country for a long time, and the indigenous inhabitants of the island, have perfectly learned to distinguish between ethnic tribes. Among themselves, Malagasy call each other "gasi". All ethnic groups have differences, although not too noticeable for visiting guests. They have different language dialects, types of dwellings, etc. They also differ in external features: skin color and face shape. Almost all groups have different greeting phrases.

Adverbs and dialects of the local population are unwritten. In educational institutions, the official state Malagasy language is used. It is spoken by more than 80% of the total population.

The largest cities of the island

Antananarivo is the largest and most populous city in Madagascar. According to 2010 data, about 1 million 688 thousand people lived on the territory of this metropolis. There are no more million-plus cities on the island.

• Toamasina. This city is located in the province of the same name and is its center. More than 225 thousand people lived here in 2010. Given the rapid demographic growth in the country, it can be assumed that this figure has increased significantly over 7 years. The city is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean and is considered one of the main ports of the country. Export goods are transported from here: spices (cloves, pepper, vanilla), coffee, graphite. And food products, textiles, equipment and machines for various purposes are delivered from other countries.
• Antsirabe. To date, this city has up to 250 thousand people. Since it is located in a hilly area, at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level, the climatic conditions are colder than in other regions. Antsirabe is famous for its warm springs and hot baths. Not far from the city there is another attraction - Lake Tritriva, which is of volcanic origin.

• Fianarantsoa. The location of the settlement is the province of the same name. According to 2010 data, 184 thousand people lived here. The main part of the city was built in the 20s of the last century. It is conditionally divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower city. There is a highway leading to the city of Ambusitroy (from the north side) and to Ambalavao (from the south). Air traffic has also been established. In the areas adjacent to the city, coffee beans, tomatoes, rice and tobacco are grown. There are also numerous vineyards.
• Mahajanga. A settlement located in the gray-western part of the island. It is the main administrative unit in the district of the same name. The number of inhabitants of the city is more than 166 thousand people (2010 data). There is a seaport here, but since the depth in the harbor is not too great, small ships carrying cargoes up to 150 tons come here. The most important commodity exported from Mahajanga is frozen shrimp. The city has an airport. The local beaches are very picturesque and attract many tourists to these places.

In recent years, many rural residents have moved to live in cities, but their number is still higher. According to statistics, 30% of Malagasy are city dwellers, and the remaining 70% are inhabitants of the outback.

Every year, the difference between births and deaths increases in favor of the first, due to which the population of Madagascar increases.

Description of the country's economy

The economy of the island is developing. According to the results of 2007, the state's GDP amounted to more than 18 billion US dollars, which brought the country to 116th position in the world ranking. The per capita income is one of the lowest (157th place) and is $1,068.

The main components of the economy of Madagascar are the agricultural industry, fishing and tourism. The country is an exporter of various spices, coffee, vanilla, and in terms of cocoa, rice, granulated sugar, legumes, peanuts and bananas, it occupies a leading position in the world market.

Tourism in Madagascar is one of the country's main sources of income. Natural richness contributes to attracting many people to this exotic corner. About 80% of the flora and fauna are considered endemic.

Slavery in the 21st century?

Rumor has it that even now on the territory of the island, some people are kept in slavery. Of course, it has slightly different forms than in ancient times, and does not have an official status. Since a large mass of people live below the poverty line, they have to borrow from more prosperous fellow villagers or relatives. Not being able to pay off, they are forced to work off the loan taken. At the same time, without getting a penny for their work. Many young people and even children work for food and shelter. For many years, the population of Madagascar was poorly educated, but today the picture has changed significantly.

Education

Although Madagascar is a third world country, the standards of education here are very high. Primary school is the norm for Malagasy. The education reform launched by President Ratsiraka has contributed to an increase in the level of knowledge and the number of students. New educational institutions were opened, and primary education became compulsory.

About 35% of all children who complete the first stage go on to high school. And only 5% go to universities. All subjects are studied in the state Malagasy language. The gelding is considered the most educated ethnic group.

Going on a trip to distant countries, many tourists are interested in the life there,. There are a lot of interesting facts about it that everyone who plans their vacation in this country should definitely know. Here is a unique flora and fauna, rich history, originating in ancient times.

Nature of Madagascar

The entire island is one state located in the Indian Ocean. It is often referred to as Africa, and geographically this is true. The most interesting facts about Madagascar are the following:

Historical interesting facts about the country of Madagascar

The first people appeared on the island more than 2000 years ago. During this historical period, local residents experienced a huge number of important events. The most interesting of them are the following:

1. The island was first discovered in the 16th century by the explorer Diego Diaz from Portugal. Since that time, Madagascar has been used as an important trading hub.
2. In 1896, the country was captured by the French, turning it into their colony. In 1946, the island began to be considered an overseas territory of the invaders.
3. In 1960, Madagascar gained independence and acquired complete freedom.
4. In 1990, Marxist rule ended here, and the veto on all opposition parties was lifted.
5. The peak of the royal mountain Ambohimanga is considered an important historical one on the island. This is a place of worship for the natives, which is a religious and cultural heritage of the state.

Ethnic interesting facts about Madagascar

The number of inhabitants in the country is almost 23 million people. All of them speak among themselves in official languages: French and Malagasy. The traditions and culture of the natives are quite multifaceted, the most interesting facts are:

Option No. 5920743

When completing tasks with a short answer, enter in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, a word, a sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. The answers to tasks 1-26 are a number (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).

If the option is set by the teacher, you can enter or upload answers to the tasks with a detailed answer into the system. The teacher will see the results of the short answer assignments and will be able to grade the uploaded answers to the long answer assignments. The points given by the teacher will be displayed in your statistics. The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The indigenous population of Madagascar called the souls of the dead lemurs, returning to the world of the living at night and bringing misfortune and death.

2) Europeans, having met animals with eyes glowing in the dark in Madagascar, called them lemurs, and this name stuck.

3) Europeans, who came to Madagascar in the 16th century, first met harmless animals there with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes - lemurs, or "poppies", as the natives called them.

4) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs - animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark - the word "poppies".

5) Once in Madagascar in the 16th century, Europeans met lemurs there, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes, which the locals called "poppies".

Answer:

What word (combination of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence?

Probably

For example

Answer:

Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word OWN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

OWN, th, th.

1. Belonging to someone. by ownership. S. house.

2. Your own, personal. See with your own eyes. Into your own hands. Self-esteem(sense of respect for oneself). By my own will.

3. Being in the direct jurisdiction, disposal, subordination of someone-something. S. correspondent.

4. Literal, real. V. proper sense of the word.

5. Peculiar only to someone-something, without extraneous additions (special). C. body weight.

6. actually, introductory. More precisely, in essence. Actually, I don't argue.

7. actually, a particle. Expresses limitation: without something else, something else. The Volga system consists of the Volga itself and its tributaries.

Answer:

In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

caterpillar

lived

undertaking

no flint

rampant

Answer:

In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

Otters are unusually intelligent and REASONABLE creatures.

At the mouth of the river, the CLEAR outlines of the ship could be seen.

A very REPRESENTATIVE jury selected artists for participation in the competition.

Knowing the hot, EXPLOSIVE character of the father, we did not want to disturb him.

He disregarded the rules of etiquette and was a total IGNORANT.

Answer:

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

SIX HUNDRED textbooks

GO forward

ripe apricots

HARDER than wood

new TOWELS

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Answer:

Define-de-li-those word, in some-rum pro-p-sche-on without-stressed vowel of the root, pro-ve-rya-e-may hit-re-ni-em. You-pi-shi-te this word, inserting a missed letter.

s..ti-ri-che-sky

vym..rshie

k..sa-et-sya

application

square..to-creative

Answer:

Find a row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.

and .. spend, and .. subtly;

e.. elevate, e.. silence;

d..white, not..grasping;

previous..history, inter..university;

not .. vigilance, pr .. Slavic.

Answer:

You-pi-shi-those word, in some rum in place of the miss-pus-ka-pi-shet-sya letter I.

at-dirch..vy

treat..vat

hall.. former

intending to..

Answer:

You-pi-shi-te word, in some-rum in the place of the pass, the letter U is written.

you-hold..t

anxious

Answer:

Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

There was still (not) cut grass in the meadows.

(Not) hearing the sounds of bullets screeching from all sides, Pierre drove up to the field.

In Russia (not) there was that middle class, which in Europe "connected" the aristocracy and the common people.

The Saxon army skillfully hid in the (im)passable forests and swamps.

The core whirred and flew over them, (without) doing any harm.

Answer:

Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

(B) AFTERNOON, the doorway was bricked up and the windows (ON) were boarded up.

SO (SAME), like his father, Eugene was a professional violinist, AND (THAT) many believed that he was superior to his father in the art of playing.

Our water supplies were (ON) OUT, but the guide ON (CUT) refused to deviate from the route and reach the river.

(ON) AS the guests arrived, there was less and less space in the living room, (THAT) I went out onto the terrace.

Answer:

Indicate all the numbers, in place of someone write HH.

The main action of the car-ti-na is once-in-ra-chi-va-et-sya on the second plan: in a light-com-on-the-for-pla-ka (1) th a lady with a child in her arms, with a mole-battle, looks at the inviting (2) doc-to-ra in gold (3) pince-nez.

Answer:

Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma

1) The fellow traveler did not hear what was said or ignored my hint.

2) And the years went by quickly and inaudibly and carried away these memories with them.

3) The themes of war and peace of forgiveness and hatred are relevant at all times.

4) Our train stopped at both large and small stations.

5) On the same lilac bush, I saw yellow leaves and buds that began to swell.

Answer:

From-va-wife was a swimmer (1) decided-shiv-shih-sya on such a night (2) to go through the strait (3) at a distance of two-twenty miles, and the important thing should be attached to (4) him to that in a boo-div-shay!

Answer:

Fill in all the missing punctuation marks:

I was (1) understandable (2) happy too

when you fell in love and loved

or in noisy youth

found his confession.

You (3) happiness (4) still appeared to me,

when not immediately

opened in front of the boy

forests and arable lands (5) beauty.

I was also quite happy

not every day, but every year,

when at the table festivities,

like a bell in a belfry

the people hummed solemnly.

(Yaroslav Smelyakov)

Answer:

Arrange all the signs of pre-pi-na-niya: indicate the number (s), in place of someone swarm (s) in the pre-lo-s-the-s should stand for the fifth (s).

In the deep-bo-com silence-cha-ni si-de-li, my brother and I are on the za-bo-re under the shadow of the gu-hundred-se-reb-ri-hundred-tho-po-la and der - whether in the hands of fishing rods (1) rusty hooks (2) some (3) were lowered (4) into a huge tub with rotten water .

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

I came up with some new ideas (1) and (2) if you come (3) I will gladly talk about (4) what worries me now.

Answer:

Which of you-sa-zy-va-niy co-ot-vet-stvo-yut so-der-zha-niyu tek-hundred? Indicate no-me-ra from-ve-comrade.

1) Fa-shist tanks about-str-li-va-li Lon-don.

2) Bro-not-fighting gun Si-mo-no-va fighters on-zy-va-li “gold-lo-tym”.

3) Ba-ta-rei half-kov-no-ka By-ko-va uni-what-zhi-la more than two-dts-ti tanks.

4) Ob-ro-on Se-va-sto-po-la lasted more than a year.

5) Your first bright impressions from airplanes

in under-growth-of-age.

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Answer:

Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Sentences 13-15 reveal the content of sentence 12.

2) Sentences 16-17 contain a description.

3) Sentences 18–20 present reasoning.

4) Sentences 31-33 present the narrative.

5) Proposals 38 and 39 are opposed in content.

(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he did not think about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a person flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later, I saw the Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow ...

(5) The machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the machine into a weapon of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go in a car out of town. (10) Hitler decided: when he heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.

(11) But one day it was time to check. (12) At first, the Germans triumphed. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) The caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) "Junkers" crippled seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the mountains of the Caucasus, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) Here a hitch happened: the machines did not break the will of man. (18) There is a lot of grief in the war, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is something higher in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought a great lesson to humanity: the revenge of man.

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, a soldier's endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(23) ... Senior Lieutenant Bykov's battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding the birch grove, fifty tanks were advancing on our battle formations. (25) "Don't miss it!" - was Bykov's team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And after that, the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) As conceived by the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove ...

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.

(36) Yes, German tanks for a long time seemed like a boa constrictor, in front of which Europe was numb, trembling like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our fighters rightly call Simonov's armor-piercing gun a "golden gun." (40) But how to forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy was afraid of no less than a large projectile? (41) How to forget about the mighty heart of a warrior full of courage?

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg (1891–1967) was a Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.

Answer:

One of the following sentences uses antonyms. Write down the number of this proposal.

(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he did not think about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a person flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later, I saw the Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow ...

(5) The machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the machine into a weapon of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go in a car out of town. (10) Hitler decided: when he heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.

(11) But one day it was time to check. (12) At first, the Germans triumphed. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) The caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) "Junkers" crippled seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the mountains of the Caucasus, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) Here a hitch happened: the machines did not break the will of man. (18) There is a lot of grief in the war, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is something higher in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought a great lesson to humanity: the revenge of man.

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, a soldier's endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(23) ... Senior Lieutenant Bykov's battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding the birch grove, fifty tanks were advancing on our battle formations. (25) "Don't miss it!" - was Bykov's team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And after that, the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) As conceived by the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove ...

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.

(36) Yes, German tanks for a long time seemed like a boa constrictor, in front of which Europe was numb, trembling like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our fighters rightly call Simonov's armor-piercing gun a "golden gun." (40) But how to forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy was afraid of no less than a large projectile? (41) How to forget about the mighty heart of a warrior full of courage?

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg (1891–1967) was a Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.

Answer:

Among sentences 23-30, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun and word forms. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he did not think about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a person flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later, I saw the Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow ...

(5) The machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the machine into a weapon of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go in a car out of town. (10) Hitler decided: when he heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.

(11) But one day it was time to check. (12) At first, the Germans triumphed. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) The caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) "Junkers" crippled seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the mountains of the Caucasus, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) Here a hitch happened: the machines did not break the will of man. (18) There is a lot of grief in the war, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is something higher in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought a great lesson to humanity: the revenge of man.

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, a soldier's endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(23) ... Senior Lieutenant Bykov's battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding the birch grove, fifty tanks were advancing on our battle formations. (25) "Don't miss it!" - was Bykov's team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And after that, the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) As conceived by the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove ...

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.

(36) Yes, German tanks for a long time seemed like a boa constrictor, in front of which Europe was numb, trembling like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our fighters rightly call Simonov's armor-piercing gun a "golden gun." (40) But how to forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy was afraid of no less than a large projectile? (41) How to forget about the mighty heart of a warrior full of courage?

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg (1891–1967) was a Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.

In turn, such lexical means as ________ (B) ("triumphed", "broke", "courage") and ________ (D) ("fearless fighter", "powerful, courageous heart of a warrior"), saturate the text with moderate patriotic pathos, thereby helping to express the feelings of the author.

List of terms:

1) syntactic parallelism

2) contextual synonyms

3) impersonation

4) book vocabulary

5) epithets

6) phraseological units

7) rows of homogeneous members

8) antithesis

9) hyperbole

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he did not think about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a person flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later, I saw the Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow ...

(5) The machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the machine into a weapon of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go in a car out of town. (10) Hitler decided: when he heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.

(11) But one day it was time to check. (12) At first, the Germans triumphed. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) The caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) "Junkers" crippled seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the mountains of the Caucasus, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) Here a hitch happened: the machines did not break the will of man. (18) There is a lot of grief in the war, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is something higher in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought a great lesson to humanity: the revenge of man.

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, a soldier's endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(23) ... Senior Lieutenant Bykov's battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding the birch grove, fifty tanks were advancing on our battle formations. (25) "Don't miss it!" - was Bykov's team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And after that, the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) As conceived by the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove ...

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.

(36) Yes, German tanks for a long time seemed like a boa constrictor, in front of which Europe was numb, trembling like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our fighters rightly call Simonov's armor-piercing gun a "golden gun." (40) But how to forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy was afraid of no less than a large projectile? (41) How to forget about the mighty heart of a warrior full of courage?

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg (1891–1967) was a Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.

Answer:

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic relationship between them.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated with 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he did not think about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a person flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later, I saw the Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow ...

(5) The machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the machine into a weapon of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go in a car out of town. (10) Hitler decided: when he heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.

(11) But one day it was time to check. (12) At first, the Germans triumphed. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) The caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) "Junkers" crippled seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the mountains of the Caucasus, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) Here a hitch happened: the machines did not break the will of man. (18) There is a lot of grief in the war, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is something higher in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought a great lesson to humanity: the revenge of man.

(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, a soldier's endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.

(23) ... Senior Lieutenant Bykov's battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding the birch grove, fifty tanks were advancing on our battle formations. (25) "Don't miss it!" - was Bykov's team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And after that, the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) As conceived by the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove ...

(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.

(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.

(36) Yes, German tanks for a long time seemed like a boa constrictor, in front of which Europe was numb, trembling like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our fighters rightly call Simonov's armor-piercing gun a "golden gun." (40) But how to forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy was afraid of no less than a large projectile? (41) How to forget about the mighty heart of a warrior full of courage?

(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)

Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg (1891–1967) was a Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.

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