How the volcano works explanation for children. COP for preschool children “These mysterious volcanoes or how a volcano erupts. Topic. Volcanoes. Volcanic eruption
Volcanoes for kids
For kids about volcanoes...
Making and studying the volcano...
Tell the child about how a volcano is formed, how an eruption occurs, when boiling magmalava (a mixture of molten rocks and gases) rushes up, finds holes in the earth's crust and comes out through them, a volcano erupts.
Have a visual experience together. Make a volcano, a volcano can be made in many ways, for example: a volcano on the beach or in a sandbox, you will need soda + vinegar.
1.
From the sand, make a slide, put a jar of baby food, or a small plastic bottle inside the slide. In which you previously poured a mixture of vinegar and red food coloring (or red gouache to simulate lava) at home. Take soda with you in a small container (for example, from a kinder surprise), ask your child to pour the contents into the “vent of the volcano”. You can do the opposite, first pour soda and then pour in vinegar. Watch together as the eruption takes place. If the volcano has stopped erupting, add some ordinary water to it and it will start its eruption again!
2.
The volcano can be made from clay, plasticine, or papier mache. It’s very simple to do, we take a small bottle, I also wrap it with foil to save clay and glue everything with plasticine or clay, don’t really try to make the volcano smooth, the more cracks, the more natural it will look, let it dry, the volcano is ready. Inside, as in the first method, we will add soda + vinegar with dye.
Then add some water and your volcano will erupt again with renewed vigor! 
Such a volcano can be made from clay or plasticine, here are some photos for inspiration 
Can you make a papier mache volcano?
You will need pva glue, a bottle and newspapers, generously coat each layer with glue, they made an airplane
After drying
it remains only to paint
Can make a small panoramic model in a box 
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3. Another way is, once in the water, they hiss, bubbling, with their help you can not only arrange an eruption, but also tell the child about geysers. You can make these bombs yourself, there are many recipes on the Internet. The main components of such bombs are citric acid and ordinary soda, the ratio should be 1:2. , that is, two parts of soda and one part of citric acid. On sale, by the way, there are ready-made kits for making bombs yourself. And from the finished mixture for bombs, you can also make a volcano, add some water to it drop by drop (for example, from a pipette or use a syringe without a needle) and your volcano will seethe (erupt).
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4.
4. Quite a risky way, but interesting, this is Coca Cola (it has acid in it) + menthol candy mentos. If you decide to try this method to show your child, practice first or watch a video on YouTube, there are many such on request mentos + coca cola.
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5.
And finally, there are ready-made kits with volcanoes on sale, everything is already prepared there, there are even special glasses, not so much for a practical purpose, but so that the child realizes the importance of the moment :) For example
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Target: To expand children's knowledge about the world around them, to introduce them to the phenomenon of inanimate nature - a volcanic eruption. In the process of experimentation, develop the desire to learn new things, evoke positive emotions from studying the world around us, and show parents the importance of studying the “Window to Nature” circle.
Tasks:
Educational:
1. to introduce children to the concept of "volcano", to give an idea of the origin and structure of volcanoes;
2. to form children's ideas about a natural phenomenon - a volcanic eruption;
3. to form the ability to properly handle chemicals (vinegar).
4. show the positive and negative significance of volcanoes for people.
5. show the relationship and interaction of all living and non-living things on Earth.
Developing:
1. stimulate the desire of children to experiment;
2. develop an emotionally positive attitude to the knowledge of the world around;
3. develop thinking, imagination, attention, observation.
4. develop communication and physical skills in play activities.
Educational:
1. cultivate respect for nature;
2. to promote sustainable emotionally positive well-being and activity of the child in the framework of joint activities for experimentation.
3. develop the ability to listen, emotionally respond to the actions of children from other groups, the ability to socialize in a large team.
Integration of educational areas: knowledge, communication, health, safety.
Technologies: gaming, experimentation, health-saving (physical education, relay game), multimedia (presentations, video materials.
Dictionary: volcano, earth's crust, lava, crater, vent, pumice, tuff
Materials and equipment: Globe, magnetic board with calendar pictures, a model of a mountain of volcanic origin located on a deep tray, a computer, a multimedia projector, a presentation "Volcanoes", a presentation "Photos from different activities of the circle", a video "Shishkin's school" - a lesson in natural history "Volcanoes" 6 min ., documentary video “Journey to the Tolbachik Volcano in Kamchatka” 2 min, red cones with paper flames, soft toys for the Rescuers relay game, music.
Equipment for experimentation:
- model of a mountain of volcanic origin, water, red gouache, dish detergent, soda, vinegar, dessert, teaspoon and tablespoon;
- a transparent vase with water, pieces of pumice stone, pebbles, paper towels.
Preliminary work.
Making a model of a mountain of volcanic origin.
For the manufacture and formation of the model of the mountain, it took: a tray, a plastic bottle, cardboard, adhesive tape, plasticine.
Leisure course
Children enter the hall to the music, sit on chairs.
Leading: My name is Tatyana Andreevna. I lead the circle "Window to Nature". Today we invited all the children of our kindergarten and parents to our lesson. We always make a weather calendar first. But today I made it myself, and the guys will talk about the weather.
(on a magnetic board - calendar cards)
Children: Season - winter, precipitation - snow, light wind, cloudy in the sky, cold outside.
Leading: I will read you a riddle, and you try to guess what will be discussed today:
I spit fire and lava
I am a dangerous giant!
I am glorious with bad fame,
What is my name?
(Volcano)
Leading: That's right, today we'll talk about such a mysterious, mysterious, amazing and formidable natural phenomenon as a volcano. We go to the "Shishkin School" for a lesson in natural history.
Video from multimedia from the series "Shishkin's School" "Volcanoes" 6 min.
Leading Q: Where are the volcanoes?
Children: In the mountains.
Leading: How to find mountains?
Standing on one leg
Turns, turns his head
Shows us countries
Mountains, rivers, oceans? (The globe).
Guys! Why do we need a globe? What else do people mark on the globe? Why do you think our globe is painted in different colors? Why is there so much blue on it? What is marked with this color? What other colors do you see and what do you think they might mean? What color are mountains? (children's answers).
Physical education "Volcano"
Poem (Movement)
Volcanoes began to "play" -
Spewing lava from the vent.
(Sit down, gradually rise on toes, raise your arms up, stretch, make a few shakes with relaxed hands, lower your arms down.)
The volcano is booming! The volcano is puffing!
How ugly he looks now!
(Hands on the belt, raise them up while squeezing and unclenching the fingers into a fist. -2 times)
But here he began to get tired -
The fire in him began to die out.
(Slow lowering of the arms while squatting down)
The last time I breathed fire -
(Sitting in a crouch, long strong exhalation. Breathe like dragons "spewing fire")
And fell asleep for decades.
(They fold their hands under the cheek “fall asleep, sleep”)
Repeat - 2 times. (site maam.ru)
Leading: Now we are going on a journey around the planet Earth in search of volcanoes.
Presentation "Volcanoes".
“There lived a god named Vulcan. And he liked blacksmithing: to stand at the anvil, to beat iron with a heavy hammer, to fan the fire in the furnace. He had a forge inside a tall mountain. When Vulcan worked with a hammer, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and rumble carried far around. Hot stones, fire and ashes flew from a hole in the mountain top with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear, and they went to live away from this place. Since then, people, all fire-breathing mountains have been called volcanoes.”
Here is an interesting legend about the origin of the name volcano.
To understand the nature of volcanoes, you need to know the structure of the Earth. The earth is made up of several layers. We live on the outer layer, the thinnest, which is called the earth's crust. These plates seem to float on the surface of a viscous, molten substance. The material on which the plates float is called magma. The word "magma" is translated from Greek as dough or paste.
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Magma that comes out is called lava.
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Along with lava, a lot of volcanic dust comes out of the crater.
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Look what happened to the bus that got under the molten lava and it froze. He was captured by the elements.
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Guys! What harm do you think a volcanic eruption brings?
Nothing can hold back a volcano. Cities, islands and even countries perish under its ashes. A terrible tragedy happened in the distant past. The city of Pompeii was wiped off the face of the earth. No one managed to escape in this city. A few years later, archaeologists managed to unearth this dead city. This terrible tragedy made a huge impression on the Russian artist Karl Bryullov, who depicted the tragedy on his canvas. And he called it "The Last Day of Pompeii." Currently, scientists who study volcanoes sometimes manage to predict the eruption in advance and residents can leave cities and escape.
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Most of the volcanoes went out, and, it would seem, forever. But they only sleep and can wake up every minute. Some volcanoes rarely wake up - once every 100 or 1000 years, others more often.
Slide 10
Lava after a volcanic eruption solidifies and turns into a hard pumice rock. It is used in cosmetology. With its help, strong impurities are cleaned from the skin.
Experimentation "Buoyancy of pumice and granite"- check the buoyancy of pumice and granite. In a transparent vase, children drop granite and pumice stones in turn.
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Also, the frozen lava eventually becomes a stone. It's called tuff. They build houses out of it.
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What other benefits can a volcano bring? Volcanoes, like elevators, raise many useful substances to the surface. Therefore, the soil around them is very fertile. Medicines and fertilizers are made from volcanic dust. Grow grapes. This farmer harvests on the island of Lanzarote.
Leading: And now tell me, are there volcanoes in Russia? Yes. There are many of them on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Now let's make a trip there by helicopter.
Video trip to Kamchatka Tolbachik volcano 2.5 min.
Leading: And now let's make a volcanic eruption with you. We will need a model of the volcano, which the guys from the preparatory group helped to make. And various substances: soda, red gouache, dishwashing liquid, vinegar, water, funnel, spoons.
Experimenting "Volcanic Eruption".
2-3 people from the preparation group help pour in the ingredients, except for the vinegar. (disturbing music playing)
Leading: Volcanic eruptions have begun. Small animals have fallen into the disaster zone. We must save them.
Relay game "Rescuers" (to the music)
2 red cones with red crepe paper flames on top. Around the cones are small soft toys. Children in teams take turns running to the volcano, running around the cone, taking one soft toy and carrying it to the hospital (the hoop is on the opposite side of the hall)
Leading: Well done. Everyone was saved. On our planet Earth, everyone is connected to each other. The main task of the circle is the formation of the ecological consciousness of children, the understanding that everything is interconnected. In conclusion, the children will tell a poem by B. Zakhoder "About everyone in the world." (Put on hats of different animals for readers)
All-all -
In the world,
Needed in the world!
And midges are no less needed than elephants ...
You can't do without absurd monsters
And even without evil and ferocious predators!
Everything in the world is needed!
Everything is needed -
Who makes honey and who makes poison.
Bad deeds for a cat without a mouse,
A mouse without a cat is no better off.
Yes, if we are not very friendly with someone -
We still really need each other.
And if someone seems superfluous to us,
That, of course, would be a mistake.
Leading: See what else the guys are doing at the Window to Nature mug
Presentation "Photos from different activities of the circle" Window to Nature "» (Beautiful music sounds)
Leading: See you soon!
To the song "Everything, everything, everyone in the world is needed ..." the children leave the hall.
Literature.
1. Tugusheva G. P., Chistyakova A. E. Experimental activity of children of middle and senior preschool age: Methodological guide. - St. Petersburg: CHILDHOOD-PRESS, 2010. - 128 p.
2. Article by Yagupova N. V. Site planetadetctva.ru
3. article by Tyulyakova S.A., Zaitseva O.S. Site www.maam.ru
V Ancient Rome the name Vulcan was worn by a mighty god, the patron of fire and blacksmithing. We call volcanoes geological formations on the surface of the land or on the ocean floor, through which lava comes to the surface from the deep interior of the earth.
Often accompanied by earthquakes and tsunamis, major volcanic eruptions have had a significant impact on human history.
Geographic feature. Significance of volcanoes
During a volcanic eruption, magma comes to the surface through cracks in the earth's crust, forming lava, volcanic gases, ash, volcanic rocks, and pyroclastic flows. Despite the danger posed to humans by these mighty natural objects, it was thanks to the study of magma, lava and other products of volcanic activity that we managed to gain knowledge about the structure, composition and properties of the lithosphere.
It is believed that thanks to volcanic eruptions, protein forms of life could appear on our planet: eruptions released carbon dioxide and other gases necessary for the formation of the atmosphere. And volcanic ash, settling, became an excellent fertilizer for plants due to the potassium, magnesium and phosphorus contained in it.
The role of volcanoes in regulating the climate on Earth is invaluably important: during the eruption, our planet “lets off steam” and cools, which largely saves us from the effects of global warming.
Characteristics of volcanoes
Volcanoes differ from other mountains not only in composition, but also in strict external outlines. From the craters at the top of the volcanoes, deep narrow ravines formed by streams of water stretch down. There are also entire volcanic mountains formed by several nearby volcanoes and their eruptions.
However, a volcano is not always a mountain breathing fire and heat. Even active volcanoes can look like straight cracks on the surface of the planet. There are especially many such "flat" volcanoes in Iceland (the most famous of them, Eldgja, has a length of 30 km).
Types of volcanoes
Depending on the degree of volcanic activity, there are: current, conditionally active and dormant ("sleeping") volcanoes. The division of volcanoes according to activity is very conditional. There are cases when volcanoes, considered extinct, began to show seismic activity and even erupt.
Depending on the shape of volcanoes, there are:
- Stratovolcanoes- classic "fire mountains" or volcanoes of the central type of a cone-shaped shape with a crater at the top.
- Volcanic crevices or fissures- Faults in the earth's crust through which lava comes to the surface.
- calderas- hollows, volcanic cauldrons formed as a result of the failure of a volcanic peak.
- Shield- are called so because of the high fluidity of the lava, which, flowing for many kilometers in wide streams, forms a kind of shield.
- lava domes - formed by the accumulation of viscous lava above the vent.
- Cinder or tephra cones- have the shape of a truncated cone, consist of loose materials (ash, volcanic stones, boulders, etc.).
- complex volcanoes.
In addition to terrestrial lava volcanoes, there are underwater and mud(spewing liquid mud, not magma) Underwater volcanoes are more active than terrestrial ones, through them 75% of the lava erupted from the bowels of the Earth is ejected.
Types of volcanic eruptions
Depending on the viscosity of the lavas, the composition and amount of eruption products, 4 main types of volcanic eruptions are distinguished.
Effusive or Hawaiian type- relatively quiet eruption of lava formed in craters. The gases released during the eruption form lava fountains from drops, filaments and lumps of liquid lava.
Extrusion or dome type- accompanied by the release of gases in large quantities, leading to explosions and emissions of black clouds from ash and lava debris.
Mixed or strombolian type- abundant lava output, accompanied by small explosions with ejection of pieces of slag and volcanic bombs.
hydroexplosive type- characteristic of underwater volcanoes in shallow water, accompanied by a large amount of steam released when magma contacts water.
The largest volcanoes in the world
The highest volcano in the world is Ojos del Salado located on the border between Chile and Argentina. Its height is 6891 m, the volcano is considered extinct. Among the active "fire mountains" the highest is Llullaillaco- volcano of the Chilean-Argentine Andes with a height of 6,723 m.
The largest (among terrestrial) in terms of area is a volcano mauna loa on the island of Hawaii (height - 4,169 m, volume - 75,000 km 3). mauna loa also one of the most powerful active volcanoes world: since its “awakening” in 1843, the volcano has erupted 33 times. The largest volcano on the planet is a huge volcanic massif Tamu(area 260,000 km 2), located at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.
But the strongest eruption for the entire historical period was produced by a “low” Krakatoa(813 m) in 1883 in the Malay Archipelago in Indonesia. Vesuvius(1281) - one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, the only active volcano in continental Europe - is located in southern Italy near Naples. Exactly Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii in 79.
In Africa, the highest volcano is Kilimanjaro (5895), and in Russia - a two-peak stratovolcano Elbrus(Northern Caucasus) (5642 m - western peak, 5621 m - eastern).
What is a volcano?
Mountains standing above channels and cracks in the earth's crust are called volcanoes.
Most often, volcanoes look like cone-shaped or domed mountains, on top of which there is crater, or a depression in the form of a funnel. Sometimes, as scientists say, the volcano "wakes up", and then it happens eruption. At the same time, molten substances of the earth's crust and mantle of the Earth come to the surface of the Earth, called magma.
eruption is a series of strong and weak explosions and outpourings lava- mixtures of molten rocks. Volumes of erupted lava can reach several tens of cubic kilometers. Eruptions are long, which can be observed for several years and even centuries, and short-term, passing in a few hours. Their precursors include the following phenomena: an earthquake, a change in the composition of gases, sound (acoustic) drops, and others.
Those volcanoes that from time to time emit hot gases or steam from their vents are called active. Volcanoes that erupted relatively recently are also considered active. There are about 500 such volcanoes on Earth.
Many volcanoes behave quietly, giving no cause for concern. But one day the volcano can "wake up", and then the consequences will be tragic. So it was with the Arenas volcano (4500 meters high), located 150 kilometers from Bogota, the capital of Colombia. The date of its last eruption was 1595. Since then, it was considered extinct, at its foot the city of Armero was built. The misfortune happened on November 13, 1985. Powerful explosions melted snow and ice in the crater of the volcano and terrible streams of hot mud poured onto the town, whose inhabitants slept peacefully in their homes. After the eruption, only a layer of mud 5-6 meters thick remained. As a result of this eruption, 20 thousand people died.
There are mountain volcanoes, and there are also underwater volcanoes that are completely hidden under water. "Waking up", such volcanoes spew not only magma, but also entire fountains of water.
Volcanoes for many uninitiated seem to be something fantastic and incomprehensibly formidable. In order to get a more complete picture of these objects, we present Interesting Facts about volcanoes.
The only volcanic stone floating on the surface of the water is volcanic pumice. It is characterized by a gray color, this stone is riddled with hollow holes formed during the cooling of the stone. This process was accompanied by the release of gases, which formed holes.
The eruptions of the largest volcanoes, called supervolcanoes, often cause horrific consequences. This is the fiery rain that pours for miles around the volcano itself, and global climate change due to the ingress of ash into the atmosphere. Fortunately, such volcanoes erupt on average several times per 100,000 years. About one of them, located on the territory national park Yellowstone, scientists say that, in all likelihood, is ready for the next eruption.
The largest of the observed eruptions is considered to be the activity of the Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. The eruption claimed the lives of 100,000 people. According to researchers, it is in Indonesia that the largest number of historically active volcanoes are located. There are 76 of them in total.
Most volcanoes appear at the boundaries of tectonic plates that form the surface of the earth. Other volcanoes, such as Yellowstone, are located in other "hot spots" with magma erupting from the depths of the earth.
Iceland, also called the land of fire and ice, is endowed by nature with the largest number of volcanoes in the region, called the “mid-ocean Atlantic ridge”. The recent eruption of Eyjafjallajoku, which shocked many, is immeasurably weaker than the explosion of Scaptar, which caused terrible damage to the food reserves of the island and caused a famine that caused the death of twenty percent of the population.
Citing interesting facts about volcanoes, one cannot help but talk about the dire consequences of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. As a result of the release of 22 million tons of sulfur compounds into the atmosphere of the planet, the temperature dropped by 0.5 degrees.
The ability of volcanoes to grow is interesting - the accumulating lava and ash increase its height.
Extinct volcanoes are called in the case when scientists believe that their eruptions will no longer occur. Volcanoes with activity that has subsided for a while are said to be dormant.
If in the course of a volcanic eruption the walls holding back the lava are destroyed, then a huge crater appears, called the caldera.
Mount Kelimutu, located in Indonesia, has three unusual lakes. The water in each of them periodically acquires different colors - turquoise, green, black or red. These transformations are caused by the reaction of volcanic gases that enter into a chemical reaction with various minerals that are dissolved in water. This is the reason for the change in the color of the lakes.
Mauna Loa in Hawaii is considered the highest volcano on Earth. Its height is 4 thousand meters above sea level. There are five volcanoes on this island.
Volcanic eruptions emit small particles of ash into the atmosphere that can scatter the sun's rays. This gives the atmosphere coral and orange hues and adds color to the sunsets.
Most of the islands in the Atlantic Ocean were formed as a result of volcanic activity.
Among the attractions of the island of Lanzarote from the Canary Islands is a restaurant with the sonorous name El Diablo (translated from Spanish as "devil"). The chefs of this restaurant prepare food directly above the mouth of an active volcano. Note that its temperature exceeds 400 °C.
Scientists attribute the Indonesian archipelago to a part of the earth's crust that is in the process of becoming. At the same time, some islands gradually or unexpectedly emerge from the depths of the sea, while others sink into it. This is a consequence of frequent earthquakes, the impact of a large number of active volcanoes, as well as the growth of coral reefs. Such changes require frequent adjustments to the map of Indonesia.
Located on the island of Kiu Shiu in Japan, the volcano called Aso is the largest volcano in the world. The crater of the volcano has a width of 14 kilometers, a length of 23 kilometers and a depth of 500 meters.
The frequency of eruptions located in El Salvador, Izalco volcano is 8 minutes. Over the two hundred years of activity of the volcano, more than 12 million of its eruptions have occurred.
Interesting video. Volcano of Fear:
