The point on the map where the Titanic drowned. Where did the Titanic come from and where? The starting point, destination and route of the legendary ship. The documentary "Titanic": The Death of a Dream "

More than 100 years have passed since the terrible disaster of one of the largest liners of its time. But until now, the world does not know all the secrets hidden by the huge and seemingly indestructible "Titanic". How the ship sank, the material will tell.

Struggle of the giants

The twentieth century has become a century of technological progress. Skyscrapers, cars, movies - everything developed at an uncanny speed. The process also affected ships.

In the market in the early 1900s, there was a lot of competition for customers between two large companies. Cunard Line and White Star Line, two hostile transatlantic carriers, have been competing for the right to be the leader in their field for several years in a row. opened up interesting opportunities for companies, so over the years their ships became larger, faster and more luxurious.

Why and how the Titanic sank is still a mystery. There are many versions. The boldest of them all is a scam. It was conducted by the aforementioned Star Line company.

But he opened the world of amazing liners "Cunard Line". By their order, two extraordinary steamships "Mauritania" and "Lusitania" were built. The audience was amazed at their grandeur. The length is about 240 m, the width is 25 m, the height from the waterline to the boat deck is 18 m. (But after a few years the dimensions of the Titanic surpassed these parameters). Two twin giants were launched in 1906 and 1907. They won first places in prestigious competitions and broke all speed records.

It became a matter of honor for the competitors of "Kunard Line" to give a worthy answer.

The fate of the troika

The White Star Line was founded in 1845. During the years of the gold rush, she earned by flying from Britain to Australia. Throughout the years, the company has competed with Cunard Line. Therefore, after the Lusitania and Mauritania were launched, the Star Line engineers were tasked with creating fantastic projects that would surpass the brainchild of competitors. The final decision was made in 1909. This is how the idea of ​​three Olympic-class ships came about. The order was carried out by Harland & Wolfe.

This maritime organization was famous all over the world for the quality of the ships produced, comfort and luxury. Speed ​​was not a priority. Several times Star Line proved, not in word, but in deed, that it cares about customers. So, in 1909, when two liners collided, their ship stood on the water for two more days, which proved its quality. Nevertheless, the three “Olympic” misfortune befell. repeatedly got into accidents. So, in 1911, it collided with the cruiser Hawk, from which it received a 14-meter hole and went for repairs. Misfortune also befell the Titanic. He found himself at the bottom of the ocean in 1912. "Britannica" was caught by the First World War, where he played the role of a hospital, and in 1916 he was blown up by a German mine.

Miracle of the seas

Now we can safely say that great ambition was the reason why the Titanic crashed.

The construction of the second of the three Olympic-class vessels was not without casualties. 1,500 people worked on the project. The conditions were not easy. Little was cared about safety. Due to the fact that they had to work at a height, many builders were frustrated. About 250 people were seriously injured. The wounds of eight men were incompatible with life.

The dimensions of the Titanic were amazing. Its length was 269 m, width 28 m, height 18 m. It could reach speeds of up to 23 knots.

On the day the liner was launched, 10,000 spectators gathered on the embankment, including VIPs and the press, to see the unusually large ship,

The date of the first flight was previously announced. The voyage was scheduled for March 20, 1912. But due to the collision of the first ship in September 1911 with the cruiser Hawk, some of the workers were transferred to the Olympic. The flight was automatically postponed to April 10th. It is from this date that the fateful history of the Titanic begins.

Fatal ticket

Its height was equated to an eleven-story building, and its length was four city blocks. Telephones, elevators, a private electric grid, a garden, a hospital, shops - all this was placed on the ship. Luxurious halls, gourmet restaurants, a library, a swimming pool and a gym - everything was available to high society, first class passengers. Other clients lived more modestly. The most expensive tickets cost, in terms of today's rate, more than $ 50,000. Economical option from

The history of the Titanic is the history of different strata of the then society. Expensive cabins were occupied by successful, famous personalities. The tickets for the second class were bought by engineers, journalists, representatives of the clergy. The cheapest decks were for expats.

Landing began at 9:30 am on April 10th in London. After several planned stops, the liner headed for New York. A total of 2,208 people boarded the aircraft.

Tragic meeting

Immediately after going out into the ocean, the team realized that there were no binoculars on the ship. The key to the box in which they were kept was missing. The ship followed the safest route. He was chosen depending on the season. In the spring, the water was full of icebergs, but they theoretically could not severely damage the liner. Nevertheless, the captain gave the order to drive the Titanic at full steam. How the ship sank, which, according to the owners, could not be sunk, was later told by passengers who were lucky enough to survive.

The first days of the voyage were quiet. But already on April 14, radio operators received repeated warnings about icebergs, which were largely ignored. In addition, the temperature dropped significantly by nightfall. As you know, the team did without binoculars, and such a grandiose ship was not equipped with searchlights. Therefore, the lookout noticed the iceberg only 650 meters away. The man signaled to the bridge, where First Mate Murdoch gave the order: "Turn left" and "Reverse." This was followed by the command: "Right". But the hulking ship was slow in maneuvers. The board collided with an iceberg. That is why the Titanic crashed.

Unheard distress call

The collision happened at 11:40 pm, when the people were almost all asleep. On the upper deck, the impact was unnoticeable. But the bottom was shocked pretty well. The ice made holes in 5 sections, they instantly began to fill with water. Overall, the hole was 90 meters long. The designer said that with such damage, the ship will hold out for a little over an hour. The crew was preparing for an urgent evacuation. The radio operators were broadcasting an SOS signal.

The captain gave the order to put women and children in the boats. The crew themselves also wanted to survive, so the strong sailors took the oars in their hands. First of all, the rich passengers of the Titanic were saved. But there weren't enough places for everyone.

From the very beginning, the liner was not sufficiently equipped with everything necessary. Maximum, 1100 people could be saved. In the first minutes it was completely imperceptible that the ship began to sink, so the relaxed passengers did not understand what was happening and reluctantly climbed into the half-empty boats.

The last moments of the miracle ship

When the nose of the liner tilted strongly, there was a massive panic among the passengers.

The third class was left closed in its part. Riots broke out, and people in horror tried to escape as best they could. The guards tried to restore order and frightened the crowd with pistol shots.

At the time, the steamer Californian was passing by, but it did not receive a signal for help from a nearby vessel. Their radio operator slept through the messages. How the "Titanic" sank, and with what speed it went to the bottom, knew only "Carpathia", which went in their direction.

Despite the distress signals being given, independent attempts to escape did not stop. The pumps were pumping out water, there was still electricity. At 2:15 a.m. a pipe fell. Then the light went out. Experts believe that the liner was torn in half because the bow took in water and sank. The stern first rose up, and then, under the pressure of its own weight, the ship broke.

Cold in the abyss

The nose was sinking quickly. The stern also went under water in a few minutes. But at the same time, its casing, body, furniture floated upward. At 2:20 am, the great ship Titanic was completely submerged. How the ship sank, dozens of feature films and documentaries are shown today.

Some passengers tried hard to survive. Dozens jumped in vests into the black abyss. But the ocean was merciless to man. Almost everyone froze to death. After a while, two boats returned, but only a few survived at the scene. An hour later, "Karpatia" arrived and picked up those who remained.

Together with the ship, the captain went to the bottom. Of all those who bought a ticket to the Titanic, 712 people were saved. The deceased in 1496 were mostly representatives of the third class, people who on this journey wanted to touch something unrealizable and desirable.

Scam of the century

Two ships of the "Olympic" class were built according to the same project. After the first ship set sail, all its shortcomings came out. So, the management decided to add some details to the Titanic. Reduced walking space, completed cabins. A cafe was added to the restaurant. To protect passengers from bad weather, the deck was closed. As a result, there was an external difference, although earlier it could not be distinguished from the "Olympic" liner.

The version that the "Titanic" was not under water by accident was announced by Robin Rardiner, an ace in matters of shipping. According to his theory, the older and battered Olympic was sent to sail.

Changing the ship

The first liner was launched without insurance. Having survived several accidents, he became an unpleasant burden for the company. Constant repairs required colossal funds. After the damage inflicted on him by the cruise, the ship was again sent on vacation. Then it was decided to replace the old ship with a new one, which was insured and is very similar to the Titanic. It is known how the liner sank, but few people know that after the tragedy the White Star Line company received round compensation.

It was not hard to arrange a catastrophe. Both ships were in the same place. The Olimpica was redecorated, the deck was rebuilt and a new name pasted. The hole was patched with cheap steel that weakens in the icy water.

Confirmation of the theory

An important proof of the veracity of the version is indisputable facts. For example, the fact that world tycoons and successful, rich people abruptly and unreasonably abandoned the long-awaited trip the day before. Among them was the owner of the company, John Pierpont Morgan. A total of 55 first class customers canceled tickets. All expensive paintings, jewelry, gold reserves and treasures were also removed from the liner. The thought arises that the privileged passengers of the Titanic knew some secret.

It is interesting that Smith was appointed captain, who still rode the Olympic. He repeatedly noted that this was his last flight in his life. The words were taken literally by the people around him, as the sailor was about to retire. Researchers believe that this was a punishment for the commander for past mistakes on the previous ship.

Many questions arise because of the first mate William Murdock, who ordered to turn left and engage reverse. The correct solution in such a situation would be to walk straight and wrinkle your nose. In that case, the Titanic would not be at the bottom.

Curse of the mummy

For years, stories have circulated that countless treasures were left on board. Among them is the mummy of the seer of Pharaoh Amenhotep. As early as 3000 years ago, a woman predicted that her body would fall under the water and this would happen to the screams of innocent people who died. But skeptics do not consider the prophecy to be true, although they do not rule out that the secrets of the Titanic have not yet been revealed.

There is also such a version: the disaster was planned to suspend the technical. But this theory is even less plausible than the myth of the mummy.

The ruins lie at a depth of 3750 meters. Dozens of grandiose dives were made to the liner. James Cameron, the filmmaker of the famous film, was also in the group of researchers.

A century has passed, and the secrets of the Titanic are still of interest and excitement to mankind.

Chronology

12:00 - Titanic departs from Southampton Port's quay wall and narrowly avoids collision with US liner New York. There are 922 passengers on board the Titanic.

19:00 - stop in Cherbourg (France) to take on board 274 passengers and mail.

21:00 - The Titanic left Cherbourg and headed for Queenstown, Ireland.

12:30 pm - stop in Queenstown to pick up 120 passengers and mail; one crew member, 23-year-old fireman John Coffey (John Coffey) deserts from the Titanic for unknown reasons.

14:00 - Titanic departs Queenstown with 1,310 passengers and 890 crew on board.

09:00 - Karonia reports ice in the region of 42 ° N, 49-51 ° W.

13:42 - Baltik reports the presence of ice in the region of 41 ° 51 ′ north latitude, 49 ° 52 ′ west longitude.

13:45 - America reports ice in the region of 41 ° 27 ′ N, 50 ° 8 ′ West.

19:00 - air temperature 43 ° Fahrenheit (6 ° C).

19:30 - air temperature 39 ° Fahrenheit (3.9 ° C).

19:30 - Californian reports ice at 42 ° 3 ′ N, 49 ° 9 ′ W.

21:00 - air temperature 33 ° Fahrenheit (0.6 ° C).

21:30 - Second Mate Lightoller warns the ship's carpenter and watchkeepers in the engine room to monitor the fresh water system - the water in the pipelines may freeze; he tells the lookouts to watch the ice appear.

21:40 - Mesaba reports ice in the region of 42 ° -41 ° 25 ′ north latitude, 49 ° -50 ° 30 ′ west longitude.

22:00 - air temperature 32 ° Fahrenheit (0 ° C).

22:30 - Seawater temperature dropped to 31 ° Fahrenheit (-0.56 ° C).

23:00 - Californian warns of ice, but Titanic's radio operator cuts off radio traffic before Californian can report the area's coordinates.

23:39 - At a point with coordinates 41 ° 46 ′ north latitude, 50 ° 14 ′ west longitude (later it turned out that these coordinates were calculated incorrectly) at a distance of about 650 meters, an iceberg was seen directly along the course.

23:40 - Despite the maneuver, 39 seconds later, the underwater part of the vessel was touched, the hull received numerous small holes for a length of about 100 meters. Of the 16 watertight compartments of the vessel, the first 5 were cut through.

00:05 - Trim on the nose became noticeable. An order was given to uncover the lifeboats and call the crew and passengers to the gathering points.

0:15 - the first radiotelegraph signal for help is transmitted from the Titanic.

00:45 - the first flare is launched and the first lifeboat (No. 7) is launched. The bow deck goes under the water.

01:15 - Class 3 passengers are admitted to the deck.

01:40 - The last flare is fired.

02:05 - last lifeboat launched (foldable boat D). The bow of the boat deck goes under the water.

02:08 - The Titanic jerks violently and slides forward. A wave sweeps across the deck and floods the bridge, washing passengers and crew members into the water.

02:10 - last radiotelegraph signals transmitted.

02:15 - The Titanic lifts high up the stern, exposing the rudder and propellers.

02:17 - the electric light goes out.

02:18 - The Titanic, sinking quickly, breaks in two.

02:20 - Titanic sank.

02:29 - At a speed of about 13 miles per hour, the Titanic's bow crashes into the ocean floor at a depth of 3,750 meters, burrowing into the sedimentary rocks of the bottom.

03:30 - signal flares fired from the Carpathia are noticed from the lifeboats.

04:10 - Carpathia picked up the first boat from the Titanic (boat # 2).

08:30 - Karpatia picked up the last boat (No. 12) from the Titanic.

08:50 - Carpathia, taking on board 710 people who escaped from the Titanic, heads for New York.

Carpathia arrives in New York

Collision

Photo of the iceberg taken by the senior steward of the German ship "Prince Adalbert" on the morning of April 16, 1912. The steward was unaware of the disaster at the time, but the iceberg caught his attention because it had a brown streak at its base, indicating that the iceberg had hit something less than 12 hours earlier. It is assumed that it was with him collided "Titanic"

Recognizing an iceberg in the light haze, the lookout Fleet warned "there is ice in front of us" and struck the bell three times, which meant an obstacle right on the course, after which he rushed to the telephone connecting the "crow's nest" with the bridge. Moody's sixth mate, who was on the bridge, answered almost instantly and heard the cry "ice right on the nose !!!" ("Ice right ahead !!!"). Thanks politely, Moody addressed Duty Officer Murdoch and repeated the warning. He rushed to the telegraph, put its handle on "stop" and shouted "right to board", simultaneously transmitting the order "full back" to the engine room, pressed the lever, which included the closing of the watertight doors in the bulkheads of the boiler rooms and the engine room.

Photo of the iceberg taken from the Mina, which was one of the first ships to find the corpses of passengers and the wreckage of the ship. Presumably, the Titanic could have collided with this particular iceberg, since, according to the Mina's crew, it was the only iceberg near the crash site.

According to the terminology of 1912, the command "right to board" meant turning the stern of the ship to the right, and the bow to the left (on Russian ships since 1909, the natural command was already used, for example: "left rudder"). Helmsman Robert Hitchens (English) leaned on the handle of the steering wheel and quickly turned it counterclockwise until it stops, after which Murdoch was reported "The steering wheel is right, sir!" At that moment, the helmsman of the watch, Alfred Oliver, and Boxhall, who was in the navigator's room, came running to the bridge when the bells rang out in the "crow's nest". A. Oliver in his testimony in the US Senate, however, definitely stated that when entering the bridge he heard the command "left rudder" (corresponding to a turn to the right), and this command was executed. According to Boxhall (British Investigation Question 15355), Murdoch reported to Captain Smith: "I turned left and backed up, and was going to turn right to get around, but he was too close."

It is known that lookout binoculars were not used on the Titanic, since the key to the binoculars safe was missing. He was picked up by second mate Blair when the captain kicked him out of the team, taking on board a team member from Olympic. It is possible that the lack of binoculars was one of the reasons for the crash of the liner. However, the existence of binoculars became known only 95 years after the shipwreck, when one of them was exhibited at the auction house "Henry Eldridge and Sons" in Divizes, Wiltshire. The second mate of the Titanic was to be David Blair, for which he arrived on April 3, 1912 from Belfast to Southampton. However, White Star Line management at the last moment replaced him with Henry Wilde, the first mate on a similar ship, the Olympic, because he had experience in operating such large liners, as a result of which Blair in a hurry forgot to hand the key to the person who came to his a place. However, many historians agree that the presence of binoculars would not have helped prevent a catastrophe. This is confirmed by the fact that the lookouts in the "crow's nest" noticed the iceberg earlier than those on the bridge, who had binoculars with them.

Lifeboat "Titanic" D, taken by one of the passengers of "Carpathia"

There were 2,224 people on board the Titanic, but the total capacity of the lifeboats was only 1,178. The reason was that according to the rules in force at the time, the total capacity of lifeboats depended on the tonnage of the vessel, and not on the number of passengers and crew members. The rules were drawn up in 1894, when the largest ships had a displacement of about 10,000 tons. The Titanic's displacement was 46,328 tons.

But even these boats were only partially filled. Captain Smith gave an order or direction "women and children first." The officers interpreted this order in different ways. Second Mate Lightoller, who commanded the launching of the boats at the port side, allowed the men to take places in the boats only if rowers were needed and under no other circumstances. First mate Murdoch, who commanded the launching of the boats at the starboard side, allowed men to descend if there were no women and children. So, in boat number 1, only 12 seats out of 65 were occupied. In addition, at first, many passengers did not want to take seats in the boats, because the Titanic, on which there was no external damage, seemed safer to them. The last rowboats were filling better, because it was already obvious to the passengers that the Titanic would sink. In the very last boat, 44 out of 65 seats were occupied. But in the sixteenth boat that left the side, there were many empty seats, passengers of the 1st class were saved in it. The crew did not even have time to lower all the boats that were on board. The twentieth boat was washed overboard when the front of the steamer went under the water, and she floated upside down.

The report of the British Commission on the results of the investigation into the circumstances of the sinking of the Titanic indicates that "if the boats were delayed a little longer before launching, or if the passage doors were open for passengers, more of them could get on the boats." The reason for the low survival rate of class 3 passengers with a high degree of probability can be considered the obstacles put up by the crew for the passage of passengers to the deck, the closing of the aisle doors. People in lifeboats, as a rule, did not save those in the water. On the contrary, they tried to sail as far from the crash site as possible, fearing that those in the water would overturn their boats or that they would be sucked into the sinkhole. Only 6 people were picked up alive from the water.

Disasters always excite the minds of people, even after a hundred years. Interest in any event can now be fueled by cinema, just one successful film and society will never forget about any problem or event. This is how the owners and the team of the Titanic went down in history, though not in the best light. But before talking about the shipwreck, it would be useful to know where the Titanic came from and where?

Travel between continents

Today, to cover the distance between Europe and America, it is enough to buy a plane ticket. Already on the same day, with this cherished ticket, you can be on the other side of the globe, spending 7-8 hours and not such a large amount. But jet liners in civil aviation appeared not so long ago, before that the situation was a little different. It is quite sad, in the opinion of a modern man in the street, that it was about the invention of airplanes:

• The only possible travel option is by boat. The journey could take weeks.
• At the end of the 19th century, steamers were designed that made it possible to cross the ocean in 5 days.
• But even in this short period of time, anything could happen, shipwrecks are not uncommon today.
• But the main troubles that tormented the first pilgrims, in the form of scurvy and infectious diseases, faded into the background.

At the time of the commissioning of the Titanic, there were two main companies, one of them focused on travel speed , the other on comfort and luxury ... Looking at the interior of the Titanic, you can immediately understand which of the two offices it belonged to.

Protection of the unsinkable Titanic

Everyone has heard something about the unsinkability of the Titanic and some unique system installed on the ship. It all came down to three points:

In theory, any minor accident shouldn't have resulted in the ship sinking quickly. Although it is difficult to talk about insignificance when it comes to colliding with an iceberg. To cope with the consequences of such contact was not possible even the most modern system, which was only at that time.

The Titanic route and its passengers

As already mentioned, the ship's route ran from Europe to America. But this is not the most accurate route:

• The liner departed from Southampton... If today this English town is not familiar to anyone, then a hundred years ago it was the largest port in all of Britain.
• The steamer made its first stop in France, visiting the port of Cherbourg.
• After that, the Titanic entered the port of Queenstown, Ireland.
• This was the last stop of the ship, then it was supposed to follow to the final point, to the port of New York.

Such an unusual route within Europe allowed everyone to gather. Both from the islands and from the mainland of the continent. Sending to Ireland helped to reach the desired latitude and find the best route.

At that time, the United States was a country of hope and new opportunities, but despite this, not only adventurers and thrill-seekers sailed to America. The first class traveled by the aristocracy, businessmen and industrialists. They all went with different intentions:

• Someone was looking for new sensations and entertainment.
• Others sought to conclude the most lucrative contracts in new sales markets.
• Someone mastered New World looking for profits and opportunities for growth.

But regardless of the initial motives and desires, all of them awaited the same inglorious outcome.

The cause of the crash and death of the passengers of the Titanic

So what was the problem of the unsinkable ship? Yes, in that the iceberg hole in length was more than 90 m. It is easy to understand that more than one bulkhead was broken, not two or even three. In an attempt to dodge the ice giant, the ship attempted to abruptly veer off course and pass by, but was instead hit tangentially. It was such a blow that tore the skin to shreds over the course of 5 bulkheads. The engineering system was not designed for such a level of damage.

But why did almost 70% of passengers and crew members die? And here a whole a number of mistakes and criminal negligence:

1. The ship was going at full speed, despite warnings about the presence of icebergs in these waters.
2. It is the high speed of the vessel that explains such massive damage.
3. The capacity of the boats was designed for only a thousand people, while the number of passengers exceeded two thousand.
4. The defense system played a cruel joke, keeping the ship afloat without visible changes at first. For a couple of hours, no one could even understand that the ship was sinking. In this regard, it was difficult to convince passengers to go from the comfortable decks to the boats.
5. The nearby ships were either too far away or did not come to the rescue.

The first and last flight of the liner

The Titanic made its only flight along an uncomplicated route. It contained only 4 points:

1. Southampton.
2. Cherbourg.
3. Queenstown.
4. New York.

England. France. Ireland. USA... It is in this sequence. But the ship never made it to its final destination. As did most of the passengers and crew.

A project has already been launched to build a similar ship, which will follow the same route from where and where the Titanic sailed. A historic voyage for amateurs " tickle the nerves", But it all sounds too tragic.

Video: Where was the Titanic heading?

Below is the documentary "Destination of the Titanic", in which the historian Anton Makarov tells about the point of departure of the legendary ship and where it sailed. The moment of the sinking of the Titanic will also be shown:

The sinking of the Titanic claimed the lives of 1,517 of the 2,229 passengers and crew (official figures differ slightly) in one of the worst maritime disasters in world history. 712 survivors were brought aboard the RMS Carpathia. After this disaster, a great resonance swept the public affecting attitudes towards social injustice, radically changed the way passengers traveling along the North Atlantic route were transported, the rules for the number of lifeboats carried on board passenger ships were changed and the International Ice Reconnaissance was created (where merchant ships crossing the North Atlantic still, with the help of radio signals, they transmit accurate information about the location and concentration of ice). In 1985, a major find was made, the Titanic was discovered on the ocean floor was a watershed moment for the public and for the development of new areas of science and technology. April 15, 2012 will celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Titanic. It has become one of the most famous ships in history, its image has remained in numerous books, films, exhibitions and monuments.

REAL TIME CRASH OF TITANIUM

duration - 2 hours 40 minutes!

The British passenger liner Titanic leaves Southampton, England on its maiden voyage on April 10, 1912. The Titanic was called to Cherbourg, France and Queenstown, Ireland, before heading west towards New York. Four days in transit, she collided with an iceberg at 11:40 pm, 375 miles south of Newfoundland. Just before 2:20 a.m., the Titanic disintegrated and sank. More than a thousand people were on board at the time of the accident. Some died in the water within minutes from hypothermia in the waters of the Northern Antaltic Ocean. (Frank O. Braynard Collection)

The luxury liner Titanic, in this 1912 photograph, as she left Queenstown in New York on her ill-fated last voyage. The passengers of this ship were included in the list of the richest people in the world, such as millionaires John Jacob Astor IV, Benjamin Guggenheim and Isidore Strauss, as well as more than a thousand emigrants from Ireland, Scandinavia and other countries seeking a new life in America. The disaster was greeted around the world with shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and operational failures that led to the disaster. An investigation into the sinking of the Titanic began a few days later and led to significant improvements in maritime safety. (United Press International)

A crowd of workers. Harland Dockyard and Wolf Dockyard in Belfast, where the Titanic was built between 1909 and 1911. The ship was designed to be the last word in comfort and luxury, and was the largest ship afloat on its maiden voyage. The ship is visible in the background of this 1911 photograph. (Photo Archive / Harland & Wolff Collection / Cox)

Photo of 1912. In the photo, a chic dining room aboard the Titanic. The ship has been designed to be the last word in comfort and luxury, with an onboard gym, swimming pool, libraries, upscale dining and luxurious cabins. (Photo Archive The New York Times / American Press Association)

Photo of 1912. The second class of the dining room on the Titanic. A disproportionate number of people - over 90% of those in second class - stayed on board because of the "women and children of the first" protocol followed by the lifeboat loading officers. (Photo Archive The New York Times / American Press Association)

Photo of April 10, 1912, shows the Titanic leaving Southampton, England. The tragic death of the Titanic took place a century ago, one of the reasons for the death, according to some, loose rivets used by the ship's builders in some parts of this ill-fated liner. (Associated Press)

Captain Edward John Smith, commander of the Titanic. He commanded the largest ship at that time on its maiden voyage. The Titanic was a massive ship - 269 meters long, 28 meters wide and weighing 52,310 tons. 53 meters separated from the keel to the top, almost 10 meters of which were below the waterline. The Titanic was higher above the water than most of the city's buildings at the time. (Archive of The New York Times)

First Mate William McMaster Murdoch, who is regarded as a local hero in his hometown Dalbeattie, Scotland, but in the film the Titanic is portrayed as a coward and a killer. In a ceremony marking the 86th anniversary of the sinking of the ship, Scott Neeson, executive vice president of film makers 20th Century Fox, presented a check for £ 5,000 ($ 8,000) to Dalbeattie School as an apology for the painting to the officer's relative. (Associated Press)

It is believed that it was this iceberg that caused the Titanic crash on April 14-15, 1912. The photograph was taken aboard the Western Union Ships, Mackay Bennett, under the command of Captain DeCarteret. McKay Bennett was one of the first ships to reach the sinking site of the Titanic. According to Captain DeCarteret, this was the only iceberg at the site of the death when he arrived. It is assumed, therefore, that he was responsible for this tragedy. Glancing collision with the iceberg caused the plates of the Titanic body buckle inward in a number of places on its board and opened five of its sixteen watertight compartments where water poured in an instant. Over the next two and a half hours, the ship gradually filled with water and sank. (United States Coast Guard)

Passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partially filled. This photograph of a lifeboat from the Titanic approaching the lifeboat Carpathia, was taken by Carpathia passenger Louis M. Ogden and was on display in 2003, an exhibition of photographs that relate to the Titanic (bequeathed to the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England, by Walter Lord). (National Maritime Museum / London)

Seven hundred and twelve survivors were brought aboard from lifeboats to RMS Carpathia. This photograph taken by Carpathian passenger Louis M. Ogden shows a Titanic lifeboat approaching a rescue ship, Carpathians. The photograph was part of an exhibition in 2003 at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England, named after Walter Lord. (National Maritime Museum / London)

Although the Titanic had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, it lacked enough lifeboats to accommodate all those on board. Due to outdated maritime safety regulations, she carried only enough lifeboats for 1,178 people - a third of her total passenger and crew capacity. This sepia photograph depicting the recovery of the Titanic passengers is one of the memorable ones about to go under the hammer at Christies in London, May 2012. (Paul Tracy / EPA / PA)

Press representatives interviewed Titanic survivors disembarking rescue ship, Carpathians, May 17, 1912. (American Press Association)

Eve Hart is portrayed as seven years old in this photograph taken in 1912 with her father, Benjamin, and mother Esther. Eva and her mother survived the sinking of the British liner Titanic on April 14, 1912, but her father died in the crash. (Associated Press)

People stand in the street awaiting the arrival of the Carpathia after the sinking of the Titanic. (Photo Archive The New York Times / Wide World)

A huge crowd gathered in front of Star Line's White office on Lower Broadway in New York to receive the latest news of the sinking of the Titanic - April 14, 1912. (Associated Press)

The New York Times editors at the time of the sinking of the Titanic, April 15, 1912. (Photo Archive The New York Times)

(Photo Archive The New York Times)

Two messages that were sent from America by the Lloyds insurers in London in the mistaken belief that other ships, including Virginia, were coming to the rescue when the Titanic sank. These two memorabilia are due to go under the hammer at Christies in London in May 2012. (AFP / EPA / Press Association)

Laura Francatelli, and her employers Lady Lucy Duff-Gordon and Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, standing on a rescue ship, Carpathians (Associated Press / Henry Aldridge and Son / Ho)

This vintage print shows the Titanic shortly before leaving for its maiden voyage in 1912. (New York Times Archive)

A photograph released by Henry Aldridge and Son / Ho auction in Wiltshire, England on April 18, 2008 shows an extremely rare Titanic passenger ticket. They were auctioned to handle the complete collection of the last American Titanic Survivor Miss Lillian Asplund. The collection consists of a number of important objects, including a pocket watch, one of the few remaining tickets for the first voyage of the Titanic, and the only example of the direct order of emigration the Titanic thought to exist. Lillian Asplund was a very private person, and because of the terrible event she witnessed that on a cold April night in 1912, she rarely spoke of the tragedy that claimed the lives of her father and three brothers. (Henry Aldridge)

(National Maritime Museum / London)

Breakfast menu aboard the Titanic, signatures of the crash survivors. (National Maritime Museum / London)

The nose of the Titanic at the bottom of the ocean, 1999 (Institute of Oceanology)

The image shows one of the Titanic's propellers on the ocean floor during an expedition to the site of the tragedy. Five thousand exhibits are slated to be auctioned off as a single collection on April 11, 2012, 100 years after the shipwreck. (RMS Titanic, Inc, via Associated Press)

A photo of 28 August 2010, released for the premiere of the exhibition, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Inc., shows the starboard side of the Titanic. (Premier Exhibition, Inc.-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute)

Dr. Robert Ballard, the man who found the remains of the Titanic nearly two decades ago, returned to the scene and counted the damage from visitors and souvenir hunters of the ship. (Institute of Oceanography and Archaeological Research Center / University of Rhode Island Grad. Schools of Oceanography)

The giant propeller of the sunken Titanic lies on the floor in the North Atlantic in this undated photograph. The propeller and other parts of the famous ship were viewed by the first tourists to visit the wreck site in September 1998.

(Ralph White / Associated Press)

The 17-ton part of the Titanic's hull rises to the surface during an expedition to the site of the tragedy in 1998. (RMS Titanic, Inc; via Associated Press)

July 22, 2009, photo of the 17-ton section of the Titanic, which was raised and rebuilt during an expedition to the site of the tragedy. (RMS Titanic, Inc; via Associated Press)

Gold plated American Waltham pocket watch, property of Carl Asplund, in front of a modern watercolor painting from the Titanic by C.J. Ashford at Henry Aldridge & Son Auctions in Devizes, Wiltshire, England, April 3, 2008. The watch was recovered from the body of Karl Asplund, who drowned on the Titanic, and is part of Lillian Asplund, the last American survivor of the disaster. (Kirsty Wigglesworth Associated Press)

Currency, part of the Titanic collection, is photographed in a warehouse in Atlanta, August 2008. The owner of the largest treasure trove of artifacts from the Titanic is bringing a huge collection to the auction in a single lot in 2012, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the world's most famous shipwreck. (Stanley Leary / Associated Press) #

Photos of Felix Asplund, Selma & Karl Asplund and Lillian Asplund, by Henry Aldridge & Son Auctions at Devizes, Wiltshire, England, April 3, 2008. The photographs were part of Lillian Asplund's collection of Titanic related items. Asplund was 5 years old in April 1912 when the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage from England to New York. Her father and three siblings were among the 1,514 killed. (Kirsty Wigglesworth / Associated Press)

Exhibits at the Titanic Artifact Exhibition at the California Science Center: binoculars, hairbrush, dishes, and a broken incandescent lamp, February 6, 2003. (Michel Boutefeu / Getty Images, Chester Higgins Jr. / The New York Times)

The goggles among the wreckage of the Titanic were among the select artifacts of the Titanic. (Bebeto Matthews / Associated Press)

Golden Spoon (Titanic Artifacts) (Bebeto Matthews / Associated Press)

A chronometer from the Titanic Bridge on display at the Science Museum in London, 15 May 2003. The chronometer, one of more than 200 items raised from the wreck of the Titanic, was on display at the launch of a new exhibition dedicated to its ill-fated maiden voyage along with perfume bottles. The exhibition took place for visitors on a chronological journey through the life of the Titanic, from its concept and construction, to life on board, and its plunge into the Atlantic Ocean in April 1912. (Alastair Grant / Associated Press)

Titanic speed meter logo and swivel lamp. (Mario Tama / Getty Images)

The artifacts of the Titanic are displayed in the media for preview only, to announce the historic sale is complete. a collection of artifacts recovered from the crash site of the Titanic and showcasing highlights from the collection at sea Intrepid, Air & SpaceMuseum January 2012. (Chang W. Lee / The New York Times)

Cups and pocket watches from the Titanic are displayed during a Guernsey auction press conference, January 5, 2012. (Don Emmert / AFP / Getty Images, Brendan McDermid / Reuters Michelle Boutefeu / Getty Images-2)

Spoons. RMS Titanic, Inc. is the only company authorized to remove elements from the ocean floor where the Titanic sank. (Douglas Healey / Associated Press)

Gold purse with mesh. (Mario Tama / Getty Images)

The April 2012 edition of National Geographic magazine (according to the line version available on the iPad) shows new images and drawings from the wreck of the Titanic, which remains on the seabed, gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet (3,784 m). (National Geographic)

Two propeller blades protrude from the darkness of the sea. This optical mosaic is assembled from 300 high-resolution images. (COPYRIGHT © 2012 RMS Titanic, Inc; Produced by AIVL, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute)

First full view of the legendary sunken ship. The photo mosaic consists of 1500 high resolution images using sonar data. (COPYRIGHT © 2012 RMS Titanic, Inc; Produced by AIVL, WHOI)

Side view of the Titanic. You can see how the hull fell to the bottom and where the deadly places of the iceberg hit. (COPYRIGHT © 2012 RMS Titanic, Inc; Produced by AIVL, WHOI)

(COPYRIGHT © 2012 RMS Titanic, Inc; Produced by AIVL, WHOI)

Understanding this ball of metal presents endless challenges for professionals. One says: "If you interpret this material, you must love Picasso." (COPYRIGHT © 2012 RMS Titanic, Inc; Produced by AIVL, WHOI)

The Titanic's two engines lie in a gaping hole in the stern. Wrapped in "rusticles" - orange stalactites created from iron that eat bacteria in these massive structures, four stories high, the largest moving artificial objects on Earth at the time. (COPYRIGHT © 2012 RMS Titanic, Inc; Produced by AIVL, WHOI)

100 years ago, on the night of April 15, 1912, after a collision with an iceberg in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Titanic liner, on board of which there were more than 2,200 people, sank.

The Titanic is the largest passenger ship of the early 20th century, the second of three twin steamers produced by the British White Star Line.

The Titanic's length was 260 meters, width - 28 meters, displacement - 52 thousand tons, height from the waterline to the boat deck - 19 meters, distance from the keel to the top of the pipe - 55 meters, top speed - 23 knots. Journalists compared it in length with three city blocks, and in height with an 11-storey building.

The Titanic had eight steel decks, located one above the other at a distance of 2.5-3.2 meters. To ensure safety, the ship had a double bottom, and its hull was divided by 16 watertight compartments. Watertight bulkheads rose from the second bottom to the deck. The ship's chief designer, Thomas Andrews, said that even if four of the 16 compartments were filled with water, the liner could continue on its way.

The interiors of the cabins on decks B and C were made in 11 styles. Passengers of the third class on decks E and F were separated from the first and second class by gates located in different parts of the ship.

Prior to the departure of the Titanic on its maiden and last voyages, it was emphasized that 10 millionaires would be on board the ship on the maiden voyage, and gold and jewelry worth hundreds of millions of dollars would be in its safes. American industrialist, heir to mining magnate Benjamin Guggenheim, millionaire with a young wife, Assistant to US Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft Major Archibald Willingham Butt, member of the US Congress Isidore Strauss, actress Dorothy Gibson, wealthy public figure British model Margaret Brown and many other famous and wealthy people of that time.

On April 10, 1912, at noon, the Titanic superliner set off on its only journey from Southampton (UK) to New York (USA) with stops in Cherbourg (France) and Queenstown (Ireland).

During the four days of the journey, the weather was clear and the sea calm.

On April 14, 1912, on the fifth day of the voyage, several ships sent messages about icebergs in the area of ​​the ship's route. For most of the day, the radio was broken, and many messages were not noticed by the radio operators, and the captain did not pay due attention to others.

By the evening, the temperature began to drop, reaching zero Celsius by 22:00.

At 23:00 a message was received from the Californian ship that there was ice, but the Titanic radio operator cut off the radio exchange before the Californian had time to report the coordinates of the area: the telegraph operator was busy sending personal messages from passengers.

At 23:39, two lookouts noticed an iceberg in front of the liner and reported it by phone to the bridge. The oldest of the officers, William Murdock, gave the command to the helmsman: "Left rudder."

At 23:40 "Titanic" is in the underwater part of the ship. Of the 16 watertight compartments of the vessel, six were cut through.

At 00:00 on April 15, Titanic designer Thomas Andrews was called to the bridge to assess the severity of the damage. After reporting the incident and inspecting the ship, Andrews informed everyone present that the ship would inevitably sink.

On the ship, the bow began to be felt. Captain Smith ordered the lifeboats to be uncovered and the crew and passengers called for evacuation.

On the orders of the captain, the radio operators began sending out distress signals, which they transmitted for two hours, until the captain relieved the telegraph operators from duty a few minutes before the ship sank.

Distress signals, but they were too far from the Titanic.

At 00:25 the coordinates of the "Titanic" were taken by the ship "Karpatia", which was located at a distance of 58 nautical miles from the crash site, which was 93 kilometers. ordered to immediately head to the site of the Titanic disaster. Rushing to the rescue, the ship was able to reach a record speed of 17.5 knots - at the maximum speed possible for a vessel of 14 knots. For this Rostron ordered to turn off all appliances that consume electricity and heating.

At 01:30 the Titanic operator telegraphed: "We are in small boats." By order of Captain Smith, his assistant, Charles Lightoller, who led the rescue of people on the port side of the liner, put only women and children in the boats. The men, according to the captain, were to remain on deck until all the women got into the boats. First Mate William Murdock on the starboard side for men, if there were no women and children in the line of passengers gathered on deck.

At about 02:15, the Titanic's bow sank sharply, the ship moved significantly forward, and a huge wave swept across the decks, sweeping many passengers overboard.

At about 02:20 minutes, the Titanic sank.

At about 04:00 am, about three and a half hours after receiving the distress call, the Carpathia arrived at the Titanic crash site. The vessel took on board 712 passengers and crew members of the Titanic, after which it safely arrived in New York. Among those rescued were 189 crew members, 129 male passengers and 394 women and children.

The death toll, according to various sources, ranged from 1400 to 1517 people. According to official figures, after the crash, 60% of passengers are first-class cabins, 44% are second-class cabins, and 25% are third-class.

The last surviving passenger of the Titanic, who traveled aboard the ship at the age of nine weeks, died on May 31, 2009 at 97 years old. The woman's ashes were scattered over the sea from the pier in the port of Southampton, from where the Titanic set sail in 1912.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

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