Tire, biblical encyclopedia - archimandrite nikifor bazhanov. A. and. Furmanskaya City shooting range which country

Turaev. Decree. cit., volume 2, p. fourteen

Dhorm E. Les peuples issues de japhet d "apres le chapitre X de la Genese - Syria, 1932, T13, p 36, 46

Tyloch W. Le probleme de Tarsis la lumiere de la philology et de l "exegese // Actes du deuxieme congres international d" etudes des cultures de la Mediterranee Occidental. Alger, 1978, p 50

Tsirkin Yu.B. Phoenician culture in Spain, M, GRVL, 1976, p. 9-18

Pericot L. Historia de Espana, t I, Barselona, ​​1965, p 179-180

Tsirkin. Phoenician culture in Spain. Decree. cit., p. 20-24

Strabo. Decree. cit., book III, chap. 2, 9; Diodorus of Siculus. Decree. cit., Book V, 36, 1-3

Hennich R. Unknown lands, vol. 1, M, 1961, p. 120; Tsirkin. Phoenician culture in Spain. Decree. op. with. eighteen

Almagro M. A proposito de la fecha de las fibulas de Huelva - Ampurias, t 19-20, 1957-1958, p 207

Strabo. Decree. cit., Book III, Chapter 2, 9

Tsirkin. From Canaan to Carthage. Decree. cit., p. 153

Bunners. Ibid, p 88

Galling K. Der. Weg der Phonizier nach Tarsis // ZDPV, 1972, Bd 88, p. 7

Negbi O. Early Phoenician Presence in the Mediterranean Islands // American journal of Archeology, 1992, V 96, p 606-609

Doumet C., Kawakabani I. Les tombes de Rachidieh: remarques sur les contacts internationaux et le commerce phenicien au VIII e siecle av. J. - C. // Actes du III congres international des etudes pheniciennes et puniques. Tunis, 1995, p. 391

Dyakonov I.M. Phrygian language. - Ancient languages ​​of Asia Minor, M, 1980, p. 260-263

McQueen J.G. The Hittites and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor, M, Nauka, 1983, p. 54

Barnett R.D. Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age // CAH, 1975, V. II, 2, p 422

Weiss G. History of Civilization. Decree. cit., T1, p. 291-292

Iliad, XI, 632

Diodorus of Siculus. Decree. cit., book 13, 57, 58 and book V, 17, 3, 3

Neukirchen H. Pirates. Kiev, ((~~ Presa Ukrainy ~~)), 1992, p. 24-25

The Ancient Near East in Pictures (ANET). Relating to the Old Testament, by James B. Pritchard, Princetown, University Press, 1969, p. 318

Dyakonov I.M. Asia Minor and Armenia around 600 BC NS. and the northern campaigns of the Babylonian kings // Bulletin ancient history, 1981, no. 2, p. 50

Weiss. Decree. cit., volume 1, p. 302

Bauer G. M. Ancient Dedan. Archaeological and epigraphic monuments // Red Sea Notes, I, M, 1994

World history in 24T. Minsk, Literature, 1996, vol. 3, p. 69, 70

Tsirkin. From Canaan to Carthage. Decree. cit., p. 145

Strabo. Decree. cit., book 15, chapter 3, 22, p. 682

Lundin A.G. State of mukarribs Saba, M, 1971

The World History. Decree. cit., volume 3, p. 29

Oppenheim L. Ancient Mesopotamia, M, Nauka, 1980, p. 120

Tsirkin. From Canaan to Carthage. Decree. cit., p. 158

Tire is a Lebanese city founded in the third millennium BC by the Phoenicians. Located near the Israeli border, 20 km. The area is under close surveillance by Israeli troops, but if the situation is calm, there is no cause for concern or fear before visiting the city.

Tire is the mother of the Phoenician peoples. One legend tells about the foundation of the city. The appearance of Tire is associated with the Phoenician god Melkart, who was the son of the goddess Astarte. According to legend, it was at the birthplace of Melkart that the ancient Phoenician city was founded. The same legend says that even before the appearance of the first settlement on the site of Tire, this small piece of land freely moved around the Mediterranean Sea. Later, by order of Melkar, they found the place where he was born and sacrificed an eagle, when the blood of a majestic bird fell on the rocks of the island, the island stopped at a distance of about 800 meters from the coast. In the 28th century BC, the inhabitants of the town built a temple in honor of Melqart, in gratitude for this he allowed the townspeople to colonize a fairly large area of ​​the Mediterranean coast. In front of the entrance to the temple, there were two columns of pure gold, each 9 meters high. On the territory of the temple they walked barefoot, every day there was a ritual of sacrifice, which was accompanied by dances.

In the 6th century BC, Tire was destroyed by the army of Nebuchadnezzar, but the conquerors did not achieve their goal, they wanted to get gold, jewelry, and most of the inhabitants managed to collect all their property with them and move to the island near Tire. A new Tire was built there. The mainland, next to which these two islands were located, was for them protection from storms. In the 9th century BC. the islands were connected by an isthmus with the mainland by order of King Hiram, thereby forming an artificial cape. During the time of Alexander the Great, the isthmus was destroyed, and in its place a pier was built, which was much larger than the isthmus. The Macedonian personally poured the first two buckets of sand into the base of the dam. All works on the construction of the dam were carried out by hand. Cedar trunks brought from the mountains of Lebanon were hammered into the bottom of the sea, and in order to fully provide the residents with building materials, they were forced to demolish their houses. Thus, the island eventually turned into a peninsula. By the way, it is worth noting that Tire is the only city that did not surrender to Alexander the Great without a fight, the inhabitants preferred a bloody war to a humiliating world and, as best they could, fought for the honor of their native city. Some details of the battles and examples of the heroic deeds of the inhabitants that have survived to this day are known. When the ships of Alexander the Great anchored, thereby blocking the harbor, the inhabitants of Tire swam to them and cut the ropes of the anchors. After this incident, by order of Alexander the Great, ropes were replaced with anchor chains on all ships. The siege lasted seven months, after which, nevertheless, Alexander the Great seized power into his own hands. A significant part of the population of Tire was killed, and those who managed to survive were soon sold into slavery. It was during the reign of Alexander the Great that the Lebanese cedar became a rare tree, this was due to the fact that Alexander, in addition to building a dam, also used cedar in the manufacture of ships, cedar forests were massively cut down. During the time of Phenicia, Tire was famous for its glass and fabrics. The traders of Tire conducted a peaceful expansion of the Mediterranean in order to find sources of raw materials and markets for their products. It is Tire that is the first city where they began to use money - minted coins. The development of the city was influenced by the influence of Phenicia. The shooting gallery developed quite quickly. A number of sea expeditions across the Mediterranean began from Tire, including to Spain and beyond Gibraltar. In the 18th century, the city became one of the most important suppliers of building materials for the entire Mediterranean coast. At different times, the city was dominated by different countries and rulers, experienced many events, in memory of which there are interesting monuments, temples, ruins, etc.

Tire is also an important religious center, where the first Christian communities emerged. The city is also mentioned in the Bible as one of the places where Jesus Christ visited, here he performed the first miracle.

Since 1979, Tire has been under the protection of UNESCO as a city that is one of the world's treasures.

Now the old part of Tire is located on the peninsula, and the new one is on the mainland. There are not many hotels in the city (about 2-3), but tourists have no problems with settling, there are enough places for everyone. The prices for hotel rooms are quite reasonable.

Tourists are mainly attracted by the ruins of Tire from the period of the Roman Empire. The Roman road leading to the Arc de Triomphe, which in Roman times was the entrance to the city, has been perfectly preserved to this day. There are many sarcophagi carved in stone and marble on either side of the road along the way. And one of the sides of the road is accompanied by an aqueduct.

In the 2nd century. a hippodrome was built on the territory of Tire, the ruins of which are well preserved. An arts festival is held at the hippodrome every summer. During the time of the Roman Empire, the hippodrome could hold 20,000 spectators, and its length is 480 meters.

In Tire, it is also worth seeing the Eshmun Palace, the Colosseum, two ports from the times of King Hiram, the ruins of a crusader temple.

Perhaps the most picturesque part of Tire is the fishing harbor: a quiet pier, an abundance of fishing boats, workshops where I make these very boats using a technology that has been unchanged for several centuries. You can relax in one of the cafes or restaurants located in the harbor.

Walking from the fishing harbor towards the lighthouse, you will see the excavations of al-Mina. Be sure to take a walk here and get to know the city as it was many centuries ago. At the entrance there is a large shopping area of ​​the Roman Empire, passing through the square, on the main street you will see a theater. Once upon a time, water games were held here. The theater is a rectangular building with five tiers of seats and a cistern system around the theater. The theater is followed by a sports complex with baths, where wrestlers conducted training. Highly interesting place- Cathedral of the Holy Cross, built in the 12th century. Now the foundation of the granite columns remains from it, and earlier the cathedral was the place of coronation of the rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. According to some reports, the remains of Frederick Barbarossa, the outstanding German emperor, are buried here. During the existence of Phenicia, on the site of the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, there was a temple of the god Melkart, who was considered the patron saint of Tire.

Every year, Tire hosts a festival featuring folklore performers from all over the Mediterranean. This festival is held on the ruins of a stadium from the times of the Roman Empire. If you want to learn more about the East, its culture, then you should definitely visit the Festival of Folklore Performers in Tire.

Although the tourist infrastructure of Thira is not as developed as, say, in Beirut, Tripoli, it is still necessary to visit the city. Tire is an ancient city with a rich and interesting history that has been formed over several millennia. And this is not just the history of the city, it is a piece of the history of the whole Lebanon and the Middle East. The old insular part of the city and the newer mainland are rich in interesting monuments, museums, ancient and medieval buildings, ruins of once majestic structures.

The location of Tyra has been controversial for a long time. Its final location was established by E.R. Stern 2 at the beginning of the 20th century, who discovered as a result of excavations in 1900 and 1912. on the territory of the courtyards of the Akkerman fortress and the attachment square there is a thick layer of the antique period. The excavations of Tyra were not systematic and were of an episodic nature. In 1918, 1927-1930. the research was carried out by Romanian archaeologists 3, in 1932, 1935, 1940 - by the scientist curator b. Akkerman Museum V. A. Shakhnazarov. After the Great Patriotic War, the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR began systematic studies of Tyra. 1945-1950 the work was carried out under the direction of L. D. Dmitrov 4. In 1953, 1958-1960. these excavations were continued under the supervision of the author 5.

There is little literature on the history of the city. The results of post-war excavations have not been published in full.

Tira, founded on the right bank of the Dniester estuary, occupied a very advantageous geographical position. Scientists determine the date of the origin of Tyra differently. Some 8 - V.N. Yurgevich, E. Minns, M. Ebert, E. Diehl 7, P. Nikorescu attributed the emergence of Tyra to the 7th-6th centuries. BC NS. ; others 8 - E. R. Stern, A. N. Zograf, L. D. Dmitrov 9 and V. D. Blavatsky 10 believe that Tire as a city can be spoken about only from the 5th century. BC NS.

1 I. A. Stempkovsky. Research on the location of ancient Greek settlements. SPb., 1826, pp. 21-23; P. V. Becker. Tiras and Tiriths. ZOOID, vol. II, 1848, pp. 418, 419: F.K.Brun. On the location of Tiras. ZOOID, vol. III, 1853, p. 49; its the same. Black Sea, part I. Odessa, 1879, p. 3-13.
2 E.R. Stern. About the last excavations in Ackerman. ZOOID, v. XXIII, 1901, pp. 33-61; its the same. Excavations at Ackerman in the summer of 1912, ZOOID, vol. XXXI, 1913, pp. 92-101.
3 R. Nicorescu. Scavi e Scoperte a Tyras. Ephemeris Dacoromana, II, 1924, p. 378-415; its the same. Fouilles de Tyras. Dacia, III-IV, 1933, p. 557-601.
4 L. D. Dmitrov. Bilgorod-Dnistrovska archaeological expedition. AP URSR, vol. II, 1949, pp. 39-52; its the same. Digging in m.Bilgorod-Dnistrovsky in 1947. AP URSR, vol. IV, 1952, pp. 59-64; its the same. The main pods of the Izmai Archeological Expedition 1949-50 pp. AP URSR, vol. V, 1955, pp. 111-123.
5 A. I. Furmanska. The archaeological monuments of the first centuries of our country. "Archeology", vol. X, 1957, pp. 80-93; A.I. Furmanskaya and E.V. Maksimov. Excavations in Belgorod-Dnestrovsky. CSIA of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, vol. 5, pp. 64-67; A. I. Furmanska. Digging Tiri in 1958 AP URSR, v. XI, pp. 123-138.
6 T. D. Zlatkovskaya. About the initial period of Tyra's history. CA, 1959, No. 2, p. 61.
7 E. Diehl. RE, s. v. Tyras, Stuttgart, 1860.
8 T. D. Zlatkovskaya. Decree. cit., p. 61.
9 L. D. Dmitrov. Tyra. "Draw the suffering history of the URSR", Kiev, 1957, p. 271.
10 V.D.Blavatsky. The process of historical development of ancient states in the North

41

The information of ancient authors about Tire is very scarce. According to Pseudo-Skimna (vv. 798-803): “The Tira River, deep and abundant in pastures, provides merchants with fish trade, and cargo ships safe navigation. On the river lies the city of the same name, Tira, founded by the Milesians. "

The latter is confirmed by the fact that the inhabitants of Tyra used the Milesian calendar, preserved in inscriptions from the villages of Chobruchi and Korotny and almost completely coinciding with the calendar of Miletus and its colonies 11. Meanwhile, the foundation of the Milesian colonies on the western and northern shores of the Black Sea dates back to the 7th-6th centuries. BC e., and by the end of the VI century. BC NS. the process of colonizing these shores was largely completed. The appearance of large settlements on the banks of the Dniester estuary at this time is also confirmed by the excavations of the Roksolan settlement 12. All this allows us to believe that Tyra, like its closest neighbors - Olbia and Istria, was founded no later than the 6th century. BC BC, which, however, is not yet confirmed by archaeological data. The finds of Ionian ceramics mentioned in the literature 13 and the handle of an Ionian jug found in 1960 from the 14th to the 6th century. BC NS. only indirectly confirm the likelihood of this date.

Excavation data and accidental finds of coins, antique ceramics, sculpture monuments allow us to determine that in ancient times the city occupied an area of ​​over 20 hectares. The remains of ancient Tyra are located under the medieval Ackerman fortress, the attachment square and the streets closest to the fortress. The adjoining part of the city was destroyed both by the waters of the estuary and by later constructions. The Acropolis occupied an elevated and defended site, where a medieval fortress was later built.

The necropolis of the city has not yet been discovered.

The location of the so-called Scythian grave and grave near the village. Salgany 15 allows us to suggest that in the first centuries of our era, the necropolis was located on the bank of the estuary, 1.5-2 km south-southeast of the city.

At the present stage of archaeological research in Tyra, it is still difficult to recreate the general socio-economic history of the city. In this work, we will try to outline the course of the historical development of the city on the basis of literary information and new archaeological material.

The early stage in the history of the city (VI-V centuries BC) is little known. Building remains of the 6th-5th centuries BC NS. not found yet. At present, we have only a few finds of things of the 6th - early 5th century. BC NS. and a relatively large amount of material from the second half of the 5th century. BC NS. These are mainly black-glazed and red-figure Attic ceramics, indicating the ties of Tyra with Athens, especially at the end of the 5th century. BC NS. It is hardly necessary to explain the expansion of these ties by the results of the expedition of Pericles to Pontus and the alleged inclusion of Tyra in the number of members of the Athenian maritime union by some scientists. The latter is generally highly doubtful.

Mr. Black Sea region. Sat. "Problems of the history of the Northern Black Sea region in the ancient era", M., 1959, pp. 13, 14.
11 V.N. Yurgevich. Opened in 1867 in the village. Chobruchi Greek inscription ancient city Shooting gallery. ZOOID, vol. VI, 1867, p. 15. V.V. Latyshev. About the calendars of Olbia, Tyra and Tauric Chersonesos. "ΠΟΝΤΙΚΑ", SPb., 1909, p. 25-40; F. Bilabel. Die ionische Kolonization. Leipzig, 1920, S. 70.
12 M. S. Sinitsyn. Roksolanskoe settlement based on excavations in 1958-1960 A report read on March 18, 1961 at the Scientific session of the Odessa State University and the Odessa State Archaeological Museum, dedicated to the results of field archaeological research in 1960.
13 E.R. Stern. Excavations at Ackerman in the summer of 1912, ZOOID, XXXI, p. 100; R. Nicorescu. Scavi e Scoperte ..., p. 383-384.
14 Funds of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, inv. No. 328.
15 L. D. Dmitrov. The main pods of the Izmai Archeological Expedition 1949-50 pp. p. 117.

42

It is not easy to illuminate the question of the nature of Tyra's economy at this stage, since the material material is almost completely absent. One can only agree with the assumption expressed by TD Zlatkovskaya 16 about the agricultural nature of the economy of Tyra in the early period and the opinion of A. N. Zograf that the economy of Tyra "as an established urban organism, was built mainly on agriculture and grain trade" 17. Indeed, the typology of the early Tyra coins with the image of Demeter, an ear, ear wreaths testifies to the development of agriculture, the image of a bridled horse and a bull - about the important value of cattle breeding. Considering the location of Tyra between Olbia and the West Pontic cities, the interconnections of which through coastal voyages are confirmed by a number of monuments, it seems possible to assume that intermediary trade was also of some importance in the city's economy at this early stage.

Of great interest is the question of the relationship between Tyra and the population of the Dniester region. The results of the excavations allow us to assert that by the time the Greek settlers appeared, the middle and partly upper Dniester region was inhabited by a sedentary agricultural population. Local settlements VII-VI centuries. BC NS. on the Lower Dniester, we do not know. The picture of the settlement of tribes in this part of the Black Sea region becomes clearer only from the 4th century. BC NS. When studying the settlements of the Middle Dniester region, no monuments of ancient culture of the early period were found until recently. And only recently, in 1958-1960. during excavations of an agricultural settlement near the village. Ivane Puste Melnitsa of Podolsk district of Ternopil region, O.D. Ganina discovered a small number of amphora fragments from the second half of the 6th - beginning of the 5th century. BC NS. It is also necessary to take into account individual finds of antique material from the mounds of Western Podolia 18 and the south of Moldova 19.

If at this early stage, in terms of its size and population, Thira was a city less significant than its closest neighbors Olbia and Istria, then, undoubtedly, the initial stage of its history prepared the flourishing of the economy and culture of the city at the subsequent, second stage of its development (V- III centuries BC). Excavations of recent years make it possible to trace the growth of the urban area from the end of the 5th - the beginning of the 4th century. BC NS. Basements of buildings of the 4th century opened on the fortress square. BC NS. testify to the inclusion of this area in the city in the V-IV centuries. BC NS. The city was located in a terrace-like manner, with the transverse streets running along the estuary, and the longitudinal streets perpendicularly. On this square in the 4th century BC. NS. housed public buildings. The same type of plans for the basement floors of buildings, separated by a small alley (1.60 m wide), the large dimensions of the premises themselves make it possible to consider them as public buildings. Construction in Tire, as well as in Olbia, is characterized by the construction of basement floors. The walls of the basements were laid on a leveled rock, and special pits were cut in the mainland, to the walls of which the rubble masonry of the basements, from the inside lined with slabs, was closely adjoined. The slabs were laid on clay mortar, almost dry. The walls of these rooms are distinguished by monumentality (the thickness of the outer walls is 0.80 m, and the inner ones - more than 1.0 m) and the carefulness of the square masonry made of well-hewn rectangular slabs.

The epigraphic monuments of this time make it possible to judge the state system, economic ties and cultural life of the city.

Inscription from the end of the 4th-3rd centuries. BC NS. 20 is a decree of the council and the

16 T. D. Zlatkovskaya. Decree. cit., p. 66 f.
17 A.N. Zograf. Antique coins. MIA, No. 16, M., 1949, p. 111.
18 T. Sulimirski, Scytowie na Zachodniem Podolu. Lwow, 1936, str. 119.
19 A. I. Melyukova. Monuments of the Scythian period of the forest-steppe middle Dniester region. MIA, No. 64, M., 1958, p. 90.
20 P.O. Karyshkovsky. Materials for the collection of ancient inscriptions of Sarmatia and Taurida. VDI, 1959, No. 4, p. 112.

43

th meeting on the awarding of a gold wreath to a certain citizen of Tyra with the subsequent crowning of him during all the festivities together with other "benefactors" for valor and benevolence towards the people. Along with the council and the people, the collegium of archons and agonophetes are also mentioned, that is, the authorities and officials usual for the Greek polis. This inscription, along with another honorary inscription from the end of the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC NS. 21 indicates a further increase in property inequality, about the allocation of wealthy citizens who have rendered "good deeds" to the city.

By the second half of the IV century. BC NS. the beginning of the minting of its own coin of the city of Tyra. Unlike Olbia, but like most other cities of the Black Sea region, Tyr's first coins were minted from silver 22. By the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd century. BC NS. gold staters of the Lisimach type appear, which, according to A.N.Zograf, 23 testifies to Tyra's attempt to enter the arena of broader trade ties. This assumption of A. N. Zograf is fully confirmed by the mentioned inscription, which attests to Tyra's connections with Olbia, Cyzicus and Rhodes.

Agriculture continues to be the backbone of the city's economy. The emergence of most of the settlements in the territory adjacent to the city dates back to this time: near the present village. Peremyashoe, near the village. Schwdenne Saria, Semenovki. A number of settlements arise south of Tyra near the village. Shabo, Budaki and other places. According to the intelligence materials of the Odessa Museum staff 24, settlements on the western bank of the Dniester estuary date back to the 4th-2nd centuries. BC NS.; of these, the most interesting is the settlement at the station. Bugaz (Inflow). Settlement IV-II centuries. BC NS. was found near a stone quarry, between Belgorod-Dnestrovsky and with. Salgans. Antique pottery is found along the entire coast of the estuary. The appearance of these settlements testifies to the expansion of the agricultural area of ​​the city, the intensified development of agriculture and, possibly, even its specialization.

A number of data indicate the development of various crafts. In the pre-war years, near the suburb of Peremozhny, ceramic kilns were opened, in which amphorae with the stamp ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟ [Υ] on the handles were found. Molds for making terracotta were found in a small number.

Single casting molds, copper and iron slags indicate the development of the metalworking craft. The finds of spindle whorls testify to the weaving craft. The wide scale of urban development suggests the existence of local stonecutters and builders.

As we noted above, by the end of the 6th - beginning of the 5th century. BC NS. should be attributed to the beginning of economic ties Tyra with the population of the Dniester. A treasure of metal objects of the 5th - 4th centuries. BC NS. (helmets, knemids, lamps), found in Oloneshty, near st. Bessarabian (kept in a museum in Chisinau), probably, came here also through Tira, like earlier items. In the IV-III centuries. BC NS. these connections are becoming more regular and intense. Ancient ceramics appeared in settlements (for example, at the Sakharnyanskoye settlement, at the settlements near the villages of Vykhvatintsy, Golerkany) 25. At the Butuchenskoye settlement, Orhei district, at a settlement near this settlement 26 and at the village. Roksolana, located on the opposite bank, almost opposite Tyra, coins of Tyra IV-III centuries were found. BC NS. 27

21 A.I. Furmanskaya. New epigraphic monument from Tira. CA, 1960, No. 4, pp. 173-179.
22 A.N. Zograf. Tyra's Coins, pp. 19-26.
23 Ibid., P. 27.
24 I. B. Kleiman, K. I. Revenko. Archaeological surveillance on the backwoods birch of the Dnistrovsky estuary. MAPP, v. II, Odessa, 1959, p. 118.
25 A. I. Melyukova. Decree. cit., p. 95 f.
26 The finds of these coins were kindly reported to us by L.L. Polevoy in 1959.
27 A.G. Salnikov. Before the food about the trade stars of the ancient settlement on the Uzbek river Dnistrovsky estuary with Grecia in the VI-II century. BC e. MAPP, v. III, Odessa, 1960, p. 31.

44

Among the coins of Istria, Olbia, Chersonesos, Panticapaeum, found at the Kamenskoe settlement, there was also a Tyra coin from the second half of the 4th century. BC NS. 28

The growth of the agricultural area of ​​the city and the established regular ties with the population of the Middle Dniester provided an economic basis for the development of wide ties of Tyra. Tira continued to trade with Athens. At the end of the 5th and during the 4th century. BC NS. red-figure and black-glazed crockery arrives at Tire; and in the III century. BC NS. Attic imports are being supplanted by vessels, ornamented with painting applied with liquefied yellow clay and white paint on a dark background, made in the cities of Asia Minor. Tyra traded with Thassos, Heraclea, Sinopa, Rhodes, Cyzicus, Cnidus, Olbia, Chersonesos and, apparently, with the cities of the Bosporus, in which the silver coins of Tyra 29 were found; in addition, isolated fragments of Bosporan tiles have been found in Tire. The number of Thassian imports in Tire and the surrounding settlements is not very large; it dates back to the 4th-3rd centuries. BC NS. 30 The import of Heraclean amphorae dates back to the same time.

The Chersonesus hallmarks in Tire are mainly dated back to the 3rd century. BC NS. The import of Sinop tiles, architectural details and amphorae dates back mainly to the 4th-2nd centuries. BC e., and imports from Rhodes, exceeding imports from other centers, - III-II centuries. BC NS. Many were found in Tire and wheel-shaped hallmarks of unknown origin.

Coins of Istria, Olbia, Vol. Coins of Tyra IV-III centuries. BC NS. found in Chersonesos. Inscription of the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd century. BC NS. from Tyra indicates that at the end of the stage under consideration, Tyra was directly connected with Cyzicus; the narrowing of its economic ties begins, apparently, at the beginning or even in the middle of the 2nd century. BC NS.

The dating of the Kos stamps found in Tire has not been precisely established; according to E.M.Shtaerman, Tira maintained close ties with Kos during all periods of antiquity 31, however, the number of Kos brands in Tire is small and, judging by the brands, the ties between Tyra and Kos date back mainly to the time of late Hellenism (II century BC . NS.).

The culture of Tyra of this time can be judged by urban construction, terracotta products, a single monument of sculpture and coins.

Images on coins 32 and some epigraphic monuments of this time allow us to conclude about the spread of certain cults. Of the ancient deities on the coins of Tyra, images of Demeter are most often found. Often there are also images of Apollo, Dionysus, Hercules. The existence of the cult of Apollo the doctor in Tire is evidenced by an inscription from the 3rd century BC. BC BC - dedication to Apollo the physician 33. Coins of Tyra were also found in the main centers of the cult of Achilles Pontarch 34 (on the island of Lovka and on Tendra). Late Hellenistic coins testify to the spread of the cults of Asclepius and Hermes in the city. Found in Tire and the herm Priapus 35 - the patron saint of viticulture and horticulture.

Excavation data and numismatic materials of the last two centuries BC, preceding the invasion of the Getae, reflect the gradual increase in the economic crisis of Tyra.

In the II century. BC NS. rebuilding of dilapidated buildings is observed; at the same time, the remains of old walls are used, to which new ones are added. Rebuild-

28 B.N.Grakov. Kamenskoe settlement on the Dnieper. MIA, No. 36, M., 1954, p. 146, tab. VIII, 6.
29 A. N. Zograf. Tyra's Coins, p. 57.
30 Excavations by A.G. Salnikov at the site of the settlement near the village. Schwdenne Saria in 1960
31 E. M. Shtaerman. Decree. cit., p. 44.
32 A.N. Zograf. Coins of Tyra, page 44 ff.
33 P.O. Karyshkovsky. Materials for the collection of ancient inscriptions ..., p. 116.
34 A.N. Zograf. Finds of coins in the places of supposed ancient sanctuaries on the Black Sea coast. CA, VII, 1941, p. 153.
35 R. Nicorescu. Scavi e Scoperte ..., p. 382, fig. 7.

45

cellars are also found. The masonry is sloppy and consists of poorly worked stones of various sizes. The horizontality of the rows of masonry is not maintained in places. Small rubble stone and sometimes pieces of marble are also wedged between the large slabs. The deterioration of the masonry technique should also be explained by the fact that the masonry itself was not given much importance: the walls of rich houses were covered with painted plaster. Excavations in 1960 opened the premises of a rich house. On its floor there is a collapse of the roof, consisting mainly of Sinop tiles of the 3rd-2nd centuries. and single copies of the 4th century. BC e., under them lay pieces of painted plaster with floral and zoomorphic ornaments. On some fragments the painting reproduces the pattern of veined marble; others are covered with dark paint. A similar wall painting was discovered in Olbia in 1960.Similar wall painting is known in Pergamon, Priene, Delos, Alexandria in the III-II centuries, in the Bosporus (Panticapaeum, Phanagoria) 36 and corresponds to the so-called second Pompeian style.

In recent years, cellars with amphoras dug into them have been discovered, and numerous fragments of amphorae from the late Hellenistic period have been collected. Rhodes predominate, less Sinop; Although Sinop tiles predominate among the imported tiles, there are also fragments of Kos amphorae. The latter were found together with fragments of light-clay and red-clay amphorae with double-barreled handles from the centers of the southern Black Sea region. The composition of ceramics is dominated by fragments of black-glazed and brown-glazed painted vessels of Asia Minor, “Megarian” bowls and vessels of Olbia production.

In the middle of the II century. BC NS. Tyra's circle of external ties is narrowing. Nevertheless, the decree of the city of Toma of the II-I centuries still dates back to this time. BC NS. in honor of the citizen of Tyra Nile, testifying to the ties of Olbia and Tom and the intermediary role of Tyra in the trade of these cities. In the destroyed buildings of the late Hellenistic period, coins of the city of Amis and Tira of the Mithridates time (120-63 BC) are found. The typology of one of the series of coins of Tyra of this time, as noted by A.N. Zograf, coincides with the typology of groups of coins of the last Mithridates coinage of Panticapaeum 37. This circumstance, together with the above-mentioned finds in Tire of coins of Amis of the same time, may indicate the subordination of Tyra to Mithridates VI Eupator. Along with the decline in trade ties, the materials of this time reflect the presence of local handicraft production in Tire. So, among the fragments of ceramics, one can distinguish vessels of local production, made according to the late Hellenistic type: spherical bowls, two-handled jugs, with the use of polishing in surface treatment. Copper and iron slags and single metal objects are found in small quantities.

A figurine made of the horn of a red deer that lived in the Dniester region, depicting a woman in a local pointed headdress, indicates the presence of local bone carvers in the city.

Particularly noteworthy in the late Hellenistic complexes is the abundance of stucco ceramics of the Getae forms: Dacian vases, one-handled mugs, bowls with an almost black or grayish-brown polish, while the early stucco ceramics of the end of the 6th-5th centuries. BC BC, close to the Scythian forms, very few have been found. The appearance of the Getae forms of ceramics, close to those found in the settlements of the Dniester region, dates back to the 4th-3rd centuries. BC NS. Similar forms of vessels are known in Olbia, on Kozyrka (Geta circles), in the settlements of the Lower Dnieper in Zolotoy Balka, Gavrilovna, and even in the settlements of the Middle Dnieper region. The molded pottery from Tira is closest to the pottery of the Podutsavya settlements.

38 AJ, p. 119, ff., Tab. XXXVIII-XLI; VD Blavatsky, Fanagoria murals. MIA, no. 57, M., 1957, p. 168 pages.
37 A.N. Zograf. Tyra's Coins, p. 30.

46

If the decline of trade, the reduction of trade ties, the cessation of life in all nearby settlements indicate the economic crisis experienced by the city from the middle or from the second half of the II century. BC e., then destroyed and not restored buildings, in the backfill of which materials of the 2nd-1st centuries predominate. BC e., indicate especially difficult times experienced by the city during this period. The city's crisis was associated with a general crisis in the Hellenistic world. Two decades after the defeat of Mithridates VI Eupator, Tire, like Olbia, was attacked by the Getae. Destruction of Tyra by the Getae around the middle of the 1st century. BC NS. the first period of its history ends.

The history of Tyra in subsequent centuries is characterized by the political, economic and cultural influence of Rome. Judging by the excavation data of recent years (1958-1960), the city recovered relatively quickly after the invasion of the Getae. Ceramic material - amphorae at the turn of our era, fragments of vessels such as terra nigra, terra sigillata with stamps from the first half of the 1st century. n. NS. Asia Minor and Gaulish workshops, similar to those found in Olbia, allow us to talk about the rapid restoration of urban life at the beginning of our era. Reconstruction of the city begins with the redevelopment of the urban area. The destroyed buildings of the Hellenistic period on the first terrace are filled up. A thick bed of fill (about 3 m) underlies residential and economic structures of the Roman period. Excavated dwelling houses, outbuildings, streets, gutters give an idea of ​​the city's planning, landscaping and house-building.

Rich houses of this time consist of five to six rooms and one or two courtyards. The average size of buildings is about 120 sq. m. In plan they represent a rectangle elongated from north to south, the long walls of which were at the same time retaining walls of the terraces. The dimensions of the premises are 15-25 sq. m, yards - 11-20 sq. m. The premises did not communicate with each other, and had an exit to the courtyard, and from there - to the street. Courtyards are most often paved with flat stone, and occasionally the pavement was repaired with fragments of amphora walls. In the courtyards, stone cisterns were built with gutters for collecting rainwater and gutters connected to street sewers.

The masonry of the walls testifies to the decline of masonry and construction. The walls are built on clay from rough stones of various sizes. The foundations of the walls are made of large stone slabs selected from destroyed buildings of an earlier period. Earthen floors, gable roofs, tiled. As in the buildings of the Hellenistic period, there are rebuildings, often redevelopments (in one of the premises of the western building, a home altar was discovered). Found in a clay bed under a building of the 2nd-3rd centuries. n. NS. Hadrian's coins suggest that such a restructuring was carried out in the 20-40s. II century. n. NS. There is a gradual deterioration in the technique of masonry walls.

The street of the 2nd-3rd centuries is well preserved. n. e., paved with large rectangular slabs, along the edges of which are placed small stones and even fragments of ceramics. The length of the remaining part of the street is 27 m, width 2.5 m. Under the street there was a drainage channel, the walls of which consisted of large vertically placed slabs, its bed was lined with the same slabs.

There are much more epigraphic monuments of Tyra in the first centuries of our era, in comparison with the previous period (37 inscriptions). Some inscriptions of Olbia and Chersonesos are also of interest for the history of Tyra, additionally illuminating the relationship of these cities with Tyra.

A decree honoring Kokkei (181 AD 38) mentions the usual magistrates and city governments: archons, council, and popular assembly. From another

38 IPE, I 2, No. 2.

47

document-inscription from the Short (201 AD 39) we learn about the actual restriction of the rights of city government by Rome. Confirming the former custom of exempting the city community of Tirites from duties, the inscription informs that newly admitted citizens will enjoy these privileges only if the governors of the province confirm their citizenship rights by a special decree. From these inscriptions it can be seen that the main positions were occupied by the rich romanized part of the Greek population and the Romans. The secretary of the council (bule) in 181 was the Roman Valery Rufus, the archon-eponym in 201 was the Roman P. Elius Calpurnius.

The inscription from Korotny, like another poorly preserved inscription from the beginning of the 3rd century. n. e., found in Tire 40 itself, is a message from the Roman governor of the province, which speaks of merchant courts, duties, countermarking coins; the "barbarians" are also mentioned. These inscriptions are important in assessing the importance of trade in the city's economy in the 2nd-3rd centuries. and. NS. In addition, they testify to the attention that Rome paid to the coastal Greek cities, including Tire, which economically and strategically played an important role in the foreign policy of the Roman Empire, in its expansion to the East, which began from the time of Nero. These cities served as strongholds on the borders of the empire in the struggle against the barbarian tribes advancing from the East. The inclusion of Tyra in the sphere of political influence of Rome is confirmed by coin finds 41.

It should be recognized, however, that the established political relationship with Rome favored the restoration of city life at the beginning of our era.

A.D. 57 e., as can be seen from the above inscriptions, is considered the first year of the new chronology of Tyra. After the Crimean expedition of Plautius Sylvanas, Tyra's dependence on Rome increased. During the reign of Domitian, the regular minting of copper coins resumed in Tire, according to appearance not different from the usual coins of the cities that were part of the Roman Empire. The imperial coinage of Tyra continued with occasional interruptions until the reign of North Alexander.

A number of Latin inscriptions from the beginning of the 2nd century. n. NS. from Tire and the stamps on the tiles confirm the presence in the city of the Roman garrisons of units of the I Italic, XI Claudian and V Macedonian legions 42, long before its inclusion in the Roman province of Lower Moesia. In a papyrus dating back to the end of Trajan's reign, it is indicated that two horsemen of the cohort I Hispanorum Veterana 43 were sent to the Roman garrison in Tire, stationed in the city. However, the city is described as lying outside the province (extra provinciam). Thus, Tira formally remained an independent city for a long time and was included in the province only under Antoninus Pius, which is confirmed both by the inscription from Korotny and by the coins of Tyra 44. It remained in the province until the end of the reign of the North, when the Roman garrison was withdrawn from the city.

II century. and the first decades of the 3rd century. n. NS. characterized by a new short-term flourishing of the city's economy. Trade, apparently, occupies a significant place, and not only intermediary between the Western Pontic cities and Olbia, but h with the population of the Dniester region. The economic ties of Western Pontic cities with Olbia and the role of Tyra in strengthening these ties are attested to by the Olbian decree of the 2nd - early 3rd centuries. n. NS. in honor of Theokles, son of Satpra 45, and numismatically

39 Ibid., No. 4.
40 P. Nicorescu. Scavi e Scoperte ..., p. 394-396; P.O. Karyshkovsky. Materials for the collection of ancient inscriptions ..., p. 115.
41 A.N. Zograf. Tyra's Coins, p. 31.
42 E. V. Maksimov. New monument of the first centuries of our era in Tire. CSI A Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, 5, 1955, pp. 80-82.
43 G. Cantacuzène. Un papyrus latin relatif â la défense du Bas Danube. Revue historique du Sud-Est européen, V, no. 1-3, 1928, p. 38 f.
44 A. H. Zograf. Tyra's Coins, p. 15.
45 IPE, I 2, no. 40.

48

my finds. Olbia coins of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd centuries are found in Tire. n. NS. The importance of Tyra as an intermediary trade point and the existence of a land route for the first time in the century AD are confirmed by the famous itinerarium 46 (road), painted on a warrior's leather shield found in Dura - Europos. It marked the crossing over the Danube, then the road through Tira to Olbia and Chersonesos.

The connection with Chersonesos is indicated by the coin of Chersonesos of the 3rd century found in Tire. n. NS. 47 and a fragment of a marble slab from Chersonesos with an inscription 51 [έν] / Τύρα τα [πόλει]; according to V.V. Latyshev, this is part of a decree drawn up in honor of a person who had something to do with Tire 48. Another fragment of an inscription of similar content was found in Chersonesos after the war 49. Some evidence of these connections can be found in the building of the 2nd - early 3rd century. n. NS. red clay pots, decorated with floral ornaments and with Greek inscriptions in white paint πεΐνε εύφραίνou, considered to be the products of Chersonesos workshops 50.

In addition to the above-mentioned decree in honor of Theocles, Tyra's ties with the Western Pontic cities are evidenced by the tombstone of the citizen of Tyra found in Toms or in ancient Odessa 51, and some features common to the coins of Tyra and these cities, for example, the signs of value on the coins. Along with goods from Western Pontic cities, coins of the Thracian kings also fell into Tire. The general picture of Tyra's external relations in the first centuries of our era is complemented by a rare coin found in Tire, according to the definition of P.O. The significant role of trade in the city's economy is also evidenced by the inscription of the 2nd century. n. e., found on the attachment area, that is, between the fortress and the estuary. It talks about the payment of freight charges for well-known goods delivered by barbarians, and about some kind of restrictions for foreigners.

In Tire at the turn and in the first centuries of our era, Pergamon red-lacquered ceramics (cups, dishes) and narrow-necked amphorae, apparently originating from the centers of the southern Black Sea region, continued to arrive in large quantities; many of them with stamps and inscriptions in red paint. There are a lot of such amphorae also found in Olbia and Tanais, and the same brands are also found. Cnidus red-lacquered dishes were also delivered to Tira. The connection with Egypt is indicated by the Alexandrian coin of the imperial time 53, amulets, scarabs and other samples of small Egyptian plastic. These findings can be compared with the dedicatory inscription found in Tire to Serapis and Isis 54. Based on the Olbia decree in honor of Theocles, it can be assumed that Tira in the first centuries of our era was associated with all the cities mentioned in this inscription. A tombstone found on the Acropolis of Athens with the inscription: "Lafayeia the Tyrian woman, Hermeus son of Eros, Miletian" testifies to the ties with Miletus in the first centuries of our era. 55

In monetary circulation, along with local copper, Roman silver denarii were in circulation; the earliest of them date back to the 30s of the 1st century. BC NS.-

46 F. Cumont. Fragment de bouclier portant une liste d'etapes. Syria, VI, 1925, p. 11 pp.
47 E. P. Stern. Excavations at Ackerman in the summer of 1912, pp. 96-97. The coin was incorrectly dated to the 1st century. n. NS.; dating was specified by V.A.Anokhin.
48 V. V. Latyshev. Greek and Latin inscriptions found in southern Russia in 1901 IAK, c. 3, 1902, p. 23.
49 G. D. Belov, S. F. Strzheletsky and A. L. Jacobson. Excavations 1941, 1947 and 1948 MIA, No. 34, M.-L., 1953, p. 194. fig. 43; EI Solomonik's report at the Scientific Council of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in January 1960. The text of the inscription was restored by EI Solomonik.
50 Report of K. K. Kostsyushko-Valyuzhinich about his excavations in Chersonesos. UAC for 1896, St. Petersburg, 1898, p. 187, fig. 567.
51 P.O. Karyshkovsky Materials for the collection of ancient inscriptions ..., p. 120, no. 9.
52 IPE, I 2, No. 3.
53 A. N. Zograf. Tyra's Coins, p. 60.
54 IPE, I 2, No. 5.
55 P.O. Karyshkovsky. Materials for the collection of ancient inscriptions ..., p. 121.

49

minting of Mark Antony for the Roman legions. The three treasures found in Tire include Roman silver coins and urban copper coins. A treasure of the same composition was found in 1949 between Ovidiopol and Roksolany 56. The presence in the treasures of coins minted for two and three centuries indicates that these coins did not go out of circulation for a long time. The number of Roman coins in the hoards is small (for example, in the hoard found in 1958 - 31 silver denarius and 150 Tyra coins).

As in the previous period, in Roman times the leading place in the economy of the city was occupied by arable farming and viticulture. This is still evidenced by the images on the coins and especially the countermarks on the coins of Domitian and Severus Alexander in the form of an ear and a bunch of grapes. Materials of the study of settlements near the villages of Mologi and Chaira of the 2nd-early 3rd centuries. n. NS. indicate the expansion of the agricultural area of ​​the city at this time. In the city itself, in houses, grain graters and a large number of large amphorae, more than 1 m in height and about 2 m in circumference, with burnt-out grains of wheat, millet and barley are found. Fishing was also of great importance.

We have a small amount of material to describe the handicraft production of the city. One ceramic furnace was found in Tire, fragments of defective amphorae are found. Copper and iron slags are found in the layer of this time. Little metal items have been found: a small number of bronze brooches of the 2nd-3rd centuries. n. e., single fragments of mirrors of the Sarmatian type; household items - copper keys, iron locks, clips, door handles, nails, knives; of weapons - one iron spearhead. There are also products made of bone: knife handles, styles, needles.

There is every reason to believe that Tira in the first centuries of our era was associated with the settlements of the Dniester region. Not far from Tira, near the village. A number of settlements were discovered in Tudorovo, where a large number of amphora fragments were found. Researchers attribute the settlements to the monuments of the Chernyakhov culture. In the Vokan Sarmatian burial ground, a red-lacquered pot was found 57. These are small one-handed and two-handed pots, no different from those produced in Tire. There are also light clay narrow-necked amphorae in the Dniester region. All these products, found in the settlements of the Chernyakhov culture in the first centuries of our era, were imported there, undoubtedly, directly from Tyra.

The coins of Tyra from the Roman period indicate the veneration of the cults of Hercules and Dionysus, the main patron deities of the imperial house of the Severs. The cults of Cybele and Serapis are widely spread. The finds of coins of Tyra in Berezan, where the sanctuary of Achilles Pontarch was located in the first centuries of our era, testify to the veneration of this deity in the city.

To study the culture of Tyra of this period, material is provided by objects of art found during excavations, mainly small sculptures, such as the herm of Dionysus, a figurine of Hygiene, a part of the torso of Athena (?), A sculptural group - two female figures sitting in the pose of Cybele, a plate with the image of Artemis the hunter ... The last two finds have close analogies in the sites of the Western Black Sea region. The rough work of Artemis 58 on a marble slab resembles the reliefs depicting this goddess found at Charax 59 in the supposed sanctuaries of the Thracian gods. Given the composition of the legions stationed in the city, it is possible

56 P.O. Karyshkovsky. Notes on the numismatics of the ancient Black Sea region. VDI, 1960, No. 3, p. 134.
57 G.B. Fedorov. On the question of the Sarmatian culture in Moldova. "Izvestia of the Moldavian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences", Chisinau, 1956, p. 60.
58 P. Nicorescu. Scavi e Scoperte ..., p. 393, fig. eight.
59 M.I.Rostovtsev. Sanctuary of the Thracian gods and the inscriptions of the beneficiaries in Ai-Todor. IAK, v. 40, SPb., 1911, pp. 1-42, tab. V, 13.

50

think that such a sanctuary existed in Tire. The statuette of a foot warrior, probably depicting one of the representatives of local tribes, is executed in the manner of late antique art and is distinguished by irregular proportions of a human figure, schematization and primitiveness of execution 60.

The list of monuments of sculpture would be incomplete if one does not recall the large-sized statue of a Roman soldier-legionnaire of the II century. n. e., found in the estuary before the revolution and stored in the Odessa Archaeological Museum.

The monuments of sculpture found in Tire testify to three directions in the art of Tyra during the Roman period: archaizing Greek, local art of the Greek cities of the Northern and North-Western Black Sea regions and the highly barbarized late antique art of the periphery of the ancient world.

As noted above, from the IV-III centuries. BC NS. on the territory of the city, various forms of stucco ceramics of the Geta appearance appear. The number of these ceramics increases by the turn of our era. It seems to us that the spread of this ceramics was associated with a change in the ethnic composition of the city's population, which occurred in connection with the movements of the tribes inhabiting the territory of the Northern and North-Western Black Sea regions. There is very little written evidence of these changes in Tire. Ovid, exiled to the Volumes, in his Tristia (V, 7, 10) depicts a picture of urban life, perhaps with some exaggeration: “although Greeks and Getae are mixed on this coast, it still borrows more from the non-peaceful Getae. More Sarmatian and Geth people move on horseback back and forth through the streets. " An approximately similar picture could be observed, obviously, in Tire as in one of the cities closest to the Toms. In Tire, as in Olbia and in other cities, the wealthy townspeople became related to the noble representatives of the tribes living near the city. On the already mentioned tombstone, found in Toms or in ancient Odessa, the names of the parents who put the tombstone to their son have been preserved. Father's name is Aurelius Heraclides, mother is Madagava. The mother's name is non-Greek, BN Grakov finds it possible to attribute him to the number of Sarmatians 61.

An idea of ​​the ethnic composition of the population of Tyra in the first centuries of our era is given by a decree in honor of Kokkei (181) 62. It lists the names of four archons and seventeen witnesses. Most of them have Greek names. The names of the romanized Greeks account for more than a quarter of the names mentioned in the inscription. There are some non-Greek names; some of them are Thracian. However, the main, predominant part of the population was still Greeks.

The molded pottery of the first centuries of our era differs from the pottery of the previous period. Its forms are close to the Sarmatian dishes, and certain types, according to the definition of M.A.Tikhanova, are similar to the vessels found in the Upper Dniester region. Kitchen utensils are all molded. The use of this pottery, as well as the naturalization of the entire economy at the end of this period, are signs of the Russification of the city, observed in all cities of the Northern Black Sea region. Abundant traces of conflagrations, traced during the excavation process, testify to the plight that befell the city. Coins of the North of Alexander with countermarks found in the excavated buildings indicate the time of the death of Tyra - the 40s of the 3rd century. n. NS. Most likely, the city was destroyed by the Goths.

Thus, the ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea region, some earlier, others somewhat later, shared the common fate of the entire ancient world, which could not resist the onset of barbarian tribes. However, the economic ties of Tyra with the Geto-Thracian world could not but reflect on the acceleration of the socio-economic development of the latter, on the strengthening of the process of class formation among them.

60 A.I. Furmanskaya. New monuments of sculpture from Tyra. KSIA, v. 10, 1960, pp. 78-83.
61 B.N.Grakov. Materials on the history of Scythia in the Greek inscriptions of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. VDI, 1939, no. 3, p. 312. This inscription was republished by P.O. Karyshkov “k and m - Materials for the collection of ancient inscriptions ..., p. 120, no. the latest edition is probably a typo.
62 IPE, I 2, No. 2.

Prepared by edition:

Ancient Tyra (Tera) - antique city located on the steep rocky promontory of Mesa Vuno, at an altitude of 396 m above sea level. The city got its name in honor of the mythical ruler of the island of Tiras and was inhabited by the Dorians since the 9th century BC. and existed until 726 A.D.

The ruins of the ancient city were discovered in 1895 by the German archaeologist Friedrich von Hiller. Systematic excavations were carried out here until 1904 and most of the residential buildings and cemeteries of ancient Tyra were discovered. Excavations resumed again under the auspices of the Archaeological Society of Athens between 1961 and 1982. Then an ancient necropolis was discovered on the slopes of Sellada.

Most of the ruins of the ancient city date from the Hellenistic era, but there are also remains of Roman and Byzantine buildings. Of the most important architectural monuments discovered during excavations, it is worth highlighting the ancient Agora, which was located almost in the center of the city. Temples and public buildings were concentrated here. In the southwestern part of the Agora is the Doric Royal Gallery, built during the reign of Julius Caesar (1st century AD). The temple of Artemis, carved directly into the rock (late 4th - early 3rd century BC), is also impressive. Various inscriptions and symbols of the gods (the eagle of Zeus, the lion of Apollo and the dolphins of Poseidon) are carved on the rock. Also on the territory of the ancient city were discovered the temple of Dionysius (3rd century BC) and the sanctuary of Apollo (6th century BC). Of particular interest is the ancient theater built during the Ptolemaic dynasty (3rd century BC). Initially, the theater had an orchestra pit, due to which, during its reconstruction in the 1st century AD, the stage was enlarged. Notable are such ancient buildings as the Roman Baths, the Byzantine Walls, the Church of St. Stephen (built on the ruins of the early Christian Church of St. Michael the Archangel) and the Ancient Necropolis.

The archaeological excavations of the ancient settlement were of great historical importance. In addition to the beautiful architectural structures, many valuable artifacts were also found that perfectly illustrate the life of the ancient city in its various aspects. Today the territory of Ancient Tyra is open to the public. After seeing the architectural sights, you can also admire the beautiful panoramic views from the top of the cliff.

home » Need to know » Tire, biblical encyclopedia - archimandrite nikifor bazhanov. A. and. Furmanskaya City shooting range which country